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The discovery of hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and gas hydrates in subsurface sediments and rocks showed that significant ecosystems on Earth are fuelled by reduced chemical substances (H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>, Fe) and hydrocarbons (e.g. CH<sub>4</sub>). These ecosystems show the highest biomasses and productivity of all those found in the deep sea. Only a tiny fraction of the microbiota at vents and seeps has been identified, and a huge diversity of more than 99% remains to be discovered. 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