{"projectrec":{"ProID":2076,"StandardTitle":"Biodiversity of three representative groups of the Antarctic Zoobenthos - Coping with Change","OrigTitle":"Biodiversiteit van drie groepen representatief voor het Antarctische Zoobenthos - Respons op Verandering","Acronym":"BIANZO II","AbstractEnglish":"Context\r\n\r\nBIANZO II is not only a continuation of the research conducted during the BIANZO I (2002-2006) project, which focused mainly on ecology, biodiversity and biogeography. It also expands the research in the context of our changing climate (cf. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007). As indicated by the subtitle (‘Coping with Change’), the focus here is on the ability of the Antarctic zoobenthos to adapt to a changing environment. BIANZO II directly contributes to the SCAR EBA programme (Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic). It is also accepted as IPY (International Polar Year) activity #391 as a part of CAML (Census of Antarctic Marine Life). The partners are also involved in other IPY projects (ANDEEP-SYSTCO and ClicOPEN) and SCAR-MarBIN.\r\n\r\n\r\nProject description\r\n\r\nObjectives\r\n\r\nBIANZOII will investigate biodiversity patterns of the Antarctic zoobenthos and their causal processes for three representative groups of different size categories: nematodes (meiobenthos), amphipods (macrobenthos) and echinoids (megabenthos) (WP 1: NOWBIO). Trophodynamic aspects of these benthic groups and their ability to cope with temperature and temperature-related changes (food composition and availability, pH of the seawater...) will be studied mainly in an experimental approach (WP 2: DYNABIO). Information collected in previous studies and in the first two work packages will be used to initiate the development of a model about the possible changes in the benthic communities due to global environmental change (WP 3: FOREBIO).\r\n\r\n\r\nMethodology\r\n\r\nWP 1: NOWBIO\r\nMost of the material for the analysis of morphology, ecology, diversity, distribution and phylogeny of the Antarctic zoobenthos (e.g. from the Weddell abyssal plain and the Larsen A & B areas) is already available from recent campaigns. Identifications, morphological analyses and taxonomy will be carried out using the appropriate equipment. Molecular phylogeny analyses include sequencing of COI, 16S and 18S rDNA.\r\n\r\nWP 2: DYNABIO\r\nTrophic position structure\r\nThe trophic position of the Antarctic meiobenthos will be investigated by stable isotope analyses (from frozen multicorer samples) and enrichment experiments with labeled food (sediment cores incubated in the lab). Our knowledge of amphipod trophic position will be refined by gut content analyses, morphological observations, stable isotope analyses and fatty acid analyses. The importance of prokaryotes in their diet will be assessed using epifluorescence, SE microscopy, immunological and DNA techniques, and laboratory experiments. The diet and feeding plasticity of echinoids will be inferred from litterature, preserved wet material, fresh material and experiments on living animals.\r\n\r\nCoping with change\r\nSediment cores will be incubated in the lab under different conditions of temperature, food quantity and quality, in order to assess the ability of the meiobenthos to cope with change. Densities, biomass, nematode community composition and diversity, benthic respiration rates and nutrient fluxes will be measured. Changes in food supply and its effect on macrobenthos will be studied by feeding experiments with amphipods, using different labeled substrates. The effect of trophic stress on the energy budget of amphipods will be assessed by measurements of their energy demand. The impact of sea water acidification on skeletal growth of echinoids and their larval development, will be assessed under different CO2 levels and analyzed by image analysis and SEM.\r\n\r\nWP 3: FOREBIO\r\nOnly two steps in the development of a biogeographical model will be taken within BIANZO II: (1) the gathering of biological, abiotic and climatic information and (2) defining filters for changes: climate variables and biological variables.\r\n\r\n\r\nInteraction between the different partners\r\n\r\nDirect communication and a close cooperation between the partners will assure the integration of information from different taxa and different size classes. From their expertise, each of the partners will provide new and valuable insights, in this way adding to a more complete view of the interactions between these taxa, their trophic position and the impact of a changing environment.\r\n\r\n\r\nLink with international programmes\r\n\r\nBIANZO II is IPY activity #391. It is part of CAML (Census of Antarctic Marine Life) and contributes to SCAR EBA (Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic). The partners are also involved in other IPY projects: ANDEEP-SYSTCO and ClicOPEN. BIANZO II is also involved in SCAR-MarBIN.\r\n\r\n\r\nExpected results and/or products\r\n
    \r\n
  1. An improved knowledge of the composition and biogeography of the target groups in poorly known parts of the Southern Ocean, e.g. the deep-sea and a recently collapsed ice shelf east of the Antarctic Peninsula;\r\n
  2. An improved knowledge of species diversity and distribution patterns and similarities with oceans worldwide;\r\n
  3. A better understanding of the trophic position of the three benthic taxa;\r\n
  4. An evaluation of the share of prokaryotes in benthic energy flows through amphipods;\r\n
  5. An estimation of metabolic rates of scavenger amphipods based on respiration and excretion measurements;\r\n
  6. Characterization of the trophic categories of Antarctic echinoids and feeding plasticity of selected taxa;\r\n
  7. Measuring the effect of seawater acidification on the skeletogenesis of selected taxa.\r\n
","AbstractOtherLang":"Context\r\n\r\nBIANZO II is niet enkel een verderzetting van het onderzoek uitgevoerd tijdens het BIANZO I (2002-2006) project, dat vooral de nadruk legde op ecologie, biodiversiteit en biogeografie, maar breidt het ook uit in de context van het veranderende klimaat op onze planeet (cf. Vierde IPCC-rapport over Klimaatsverandering, 2007). Zoals de ondertitel van het project (‘Respons op Verandering’) aangeeft, ligt de nadruk nu op het vermogen van het Antarctische zoobenthos om zich aan te passen aan een veranderende omgeving. BIANZO II zal rechtstreeks bijdragen tot het SCAR-EBA programma (Evolutie en Biodiversiteit in Antarctica). Daarnaast is het aanvaard als IPY (Internationaal Polair Jaar) activiteit #391, als een onderdeel van CAML (Census van Antarctisch Marien Leven). De partners zijn ook betrokken bij andere IPY projecten (ANDEEP-SYSTCO en ClicOPEN) en SCAR-MarBIN.\r\n\r\n\r\nProjectbeschrijving\r\n\r\nDoelstellingen\r\n\r\nBIANZO II zal de biodiversiteitspatronen van het Antarctische zoobenthos en gerelateerde causale processen onderzoeken voor nematoden (meiobenthos), amfipoden (macrobenthos) en zeeëgels (megabenthos) (WP 1: NOWBIO). Trofodynamische aspecten van deze groepen en hun reactievermogen op temperatuur en temperatuurgerelateerde veranderingen (voedselsamenstelling en -beschikbaarheid, pH van het zeewater), zullen vooral via een experimentele aanpak worden bestudeerd (WP 2: DYNABIO). De informatie verzameld in vorige studies en in de eerste twee werkpakketten zal gebruikt worden ter initiatie van een model omtrent de veranderingen in de benthische gemeenschappen ten gevolge van globale klimaatsverandering (WP 3: FOREBIO). \r\n\r\n\r\nMethodologie\r\n\r\nWP 1: NOWBIO\r\nMaterial voor de analyse van morfologie, ecologie, diversiteit, verspreiding en fylogenie van het Antarctische zoobenthos (o.a. Weddell Zee abyssale vlakte en Larsen A en B regio’s) is grotendeels voorhanden uit recente campagnes. Identificaties, morfologische analyses en taxonomie zullen uitgevoerd worden, gebruik makend van de daarvoor geschikte apparatuur. Moleculair fylogenetische analyses omvatten sequenering van COI, 16S en 18S rDNA.\r\n\r\nWP 2: DYNABIO\r\nTrofische positie\r\nDe trofische positie van het Antarctische meiobenthos wordt onderzocht a.d.h.v. stabiele isotopen analyse (ingevroren multicorer stalen) en aanrijkingsexperimenten met gelabeld voedsel (sediment geïncubeerd in het lab). De trofische positie van amfipoden wordt bestudeerd via maaganalyses, observaties, stabiele isotopen- en vetzuuranalyses. Het belang van prokaryoten in hun dieet wordt nagegaan met epifluorescentie, SE microscopie, immunologische en DNA technieken, en labo-experimenten. Het dieet en de voedingsplasticiteit van zeeëgels wordt afgeleid uit literatuur, gefixeerd nat materiaal, vers materiaal en experimenten met levende dieren.\r\n\r\nRespons op verandering\r\nSediment wordt onder verschillende omstandigheden van temperatuur, voedselkwantiteit en -kwaliteit geïncubeerd om het reactievermogen van meiobenthos op verandering na te gaan. Densiteiten, biomassa, nematoden gemeenschapsstructuur en diversiteit, benthische respiratiesnelheid en nutriëntfluxen worden gemeten. Veranderingen in voedselvoorziening en het effect daarvan op macrobenthos wordt bestudeerd a.d.h.v. voedingsexperimenten met amfipoden, gebruik makend van verschillende gelabelde substraten. Het effect van trofische stress op het energiebudget van amfipoden wordt nagegaan door hun energievraag te meten. De impact van zeewaterverzuring op de skeletale groei en larvale ontwikkeling van zeeëgels onder verschillende CO2-concentraties wordt geanalyseerd met beeldanalyse en SEM.\r\n\r\nWP 3: FOREBIO\r\nSlechts twee stappen in de ontwikkeling van een biogeografisch model zullen gezet worden: (1) samenbrengen van biologische, abiotische en climatologische informatie en (2) definiëren van filters voor verandering: klimaatvariabelen en biologische variabelen.\r\n\r\n\r\nInteractie tussen de verschillende partners\r\n\r\nDirecte communicatie en nauwe samenwerking tussen de partners zal een integratie van informatie afkomstig van verschillende taxa mogelijk maken. Elk van de partners zal nieuwe en belangrijke inzichten verschaffen en zo bijdragen tot een completere kijk op de interacties tussen, trofische positie van en impact van een veranderende omgeving op deze taxa.\r\n\r\n\r\nBand met Internationale programma’s\r\n\r\nBIANZO II is IPY activiteit #391. Het maakt deel uit van CAML en draagt bij tot SCAR EBA. De partners zijn ook betrokken bij andere IPY projecten: ANDEEP-SYSTCO en ClicOPEN. BIANZO II is ook verbonden aan SCAR-MarBIN.\r\n\r\n\r\nVerwachte resultaten\r\n
    \r\n
  1. Een verbeterde kennis van de samenstelling en biogeografie ven de doelgroepen in weinig gekende delen van de Zuidelijke Oceaan, b.v. diepzee en een recent afgebroken ice shelf ten oosten van het Antarctische schiereiland;\r\n
  2. Een verbeterde kennis van soortendiversiteit, verspreidingspatronen en gelijkenissen met andere oceanen;\r\n
  3. Een beter begrip van de trofische positie van de drie taxa;\r\n
  4. Een evaluatie van het belang van prokaryoten in benthische energiestromen doorheen amfipoden;\r\n
  5. Een schatting van de metabolische snelheden van aasetende amfipoden, gebaseerd op respiratie- en excretiemetingen;\r\n
  6. Karakterisatie van trofische categoriën in Antarctische zeeëgels en voedingsplasticiteit van geselecteerde taxa;\r\n
  7. Meting van het effect van zeewaterverzuring op de skeletogenese van geselecteerde taxa.\r\n
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