{"refrec":{"BRefID":100118,"RR":"<b>Vacelet, J.; Boury-Esnault, N.</b> (1995). Carnivorous sponges. <i>Nature (Lond.) 373(6512)</i>: 333-335","BEntID":95369,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nature (Lond.) 373(6512)</i>: 333-335","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Vacelet, J.; Boury-Esnault, N.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Vacelet, J.; Boury-Esnault, N.","Englishabstract":"Extremely food-poor environments, such as the deep sea, place extraordinary demands on organisms with respect to feeding, resulting in modifications of the feeding strategies found in shallow waters. A general rule is that macrophagy becomes a better strategy than microphagous suspensions-feeding. The characteristics by which phyla are defined, nonetheless, remain unchanged in these adaptations. We present here an apparently unique example of a fundamentally different body plan, derived from a pre-existing phylum, occurring in deep-sea sponges. We demonstrate that the Cladorhizidae have evolved carnivory and capture small crustaceans by means of filaments provided with raised hook-shaped spicules. This adaptation to a food-poor deep-sea environment has resulted in the loss of the diagnostic characteristics of the phylum Porifera: an aquiferous system and choanocytes.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Carnivorous sponges","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":1995,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2006-06-26","DateCreate":"2006-06-26","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:A1995QD40400056","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":100118,"PubliDate":1995,"Pagination":"333-335","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"373","Issue":"6512","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43431,"SerRR":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. 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