{"refrec":{"BRefID":10733,"RR":"<b>Dam, H.; Lund, E.</b> (1962). Fish oils in relation to blood cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases, <b><i>in</i></b>: Heen, E. <i>et al.</i> <i>Fish in nutrition.</i> pp. 277-281","BEntID":10733,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: Heen, E. <i>et al.</i> <i>Fish in nutrition.</i> pp. 277-281","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Dam, H.; Lund, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Dam, H.; Lund, E.","Englishabstract":"The relation of serum cholesterol to cardiovascular disease is still a subject for debate. As early as 1843, cholesterol was shown to occur in human atheromatous arteries. Subsequent investigators were able to induce atherosclerosis in rabbits and chicks by feeding them cholesterol. Epidemiological studies in various population groups drew attention to the relationships between high serum cholesterol levels, high incidence of coronary heart disease, and high fat intake. About 10 years ago, studies began stressing the importance of quality of dietary fat in influencing blood cholesterol levels. It was found that blood cholesterol in humans could be lowered by fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and fish oils were mentioned in this respect. Fish liver oils were found to be effective in lowering cholesterol levels; this effect is generally attributed to the high degree of unsaturation of their fatty acids, although some workers found that also vitamin A, in which some of those oils are rich, and the unsaponifiable fraction, exert a lowering influence in hypercholesterolemic patients. The high content of vitamins A and D in fish liver oils makes their common use, in prevention and therapy, quite risky, because of possible overdosage and toxicity from those vitamins.  Fish<i> body</i> oils would therefore be preferable to fish <i>liver</i> oils. Of fish body oils, menhaden oil, although low in essential fatty acids, was found by Ahrens <i>et al.</i> to be more efficient than corn oil in markedly lowering serum cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in a hyperlipemic and hypercholesterolemic patient. The authors observed the effect of menhaden body oil in two patients. A man and a woman with moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels were each given from 10 to 60 ml. per day of highly unsaturated triglycerides from menhaden body oil. This was in addition to an ordinary hospital diet providing 80 g. of fat per day. In the woman, some decrease in blood cholesterol was observed, especially when 60 ml. of menhaden oil were given, while in the man there was a less pronounced decrease. The results seemed to show that short periods of addition of moderate amounts of fish body oil to an ordinary diet containing other fats cannot <i>a priori</i> be expected to produce a drastic fall in serum cholesterol. In another series of experiments, 17 patients received an ordinary hospital diet for 21 days, then a \"fish diet\" for 28 days, and again the ordinary diet for 4 weeks. The authors found no differences in serum cholesterol values in the three periods. The mechanism by which polyenoic fatty acids influence the plasma cholesterol concentration is discussed. The authors conclude that more extensive study is desirable on the value of fish oils in the prophylaxis of cardiovascular disease.","AbstractOtherLang":"La relation entre le cholestérol du sérum et les affections cardlo-vasculaires est encore un sujet de discussion. Déjà en 1843 on a montré que le cholestérol était présent dans les artères athéromateuses de l'homme. D'autres chercheurs, plus tard, purent induire une athérosclérose chez des lapins et des poulets en leur faisant ingérer du cholestérol. Les études épidémiogiques sur des groupes de populations variés ont porté l'attention sur les relations qui existent entre des niveaux élevés de cholestérol dans le sérum, la fréquence des coronarites et une ingestion importante de graisses. Il y a dix ans, des recherches commencèrent à mettre l'accent sur l'importance de la qualité des graisses alimentaires à l'égard des taux de cholestérol présentés dans le sang. On trouva que le taux de cholestérol du sang chez l'homme pouvait être abaissé par des matières grasses riches en acides gras polyinsaturés, et on parla à ce sujet des huiles de poisson. Les huiles de foie de poisson se sont montrés efficaces à réduire les taux de cholestérol; cet effet est attribué d'habitude au degré élevé d'insaturation de leurs acides gras, bien que quelques chercheurs aient trouvé également que la vitamine A, dont sont riches quelques-unes de ces huiles, et la fraction insaponifiable exercent une influence d'abaissement sur les taux chez des malades hypercholestérolémiques. La teneur importante en vitamines A et D des huiles de foie de poisson en rend leur emploi très risqué pour une utilisation normale en prévention et en thérapeuthie, par suite de la possibilité d'exces et de la toxicité de ces vitamines. Les huiles de corps de poisson devraient être préférées, en conséquence, aux huiles de foie de poisson. Parmi ces huiles de corps, l'huile de menhaden, bien que pauvre en acides gras essentiels, a été reconnue par Ahrens <i>et al.</i> comme plus efficace que l'huile de maïs pour abaisser d'une façon nette le taux de cholestérol sanguin, de phospholipides et detriglycerides chez un malade hyperlipidémique et hypercholestérolémique.  Les auteurs ont observé l'effet de l'huile de corps de menhaden chez deux patients, un homme et une femme, qui présentaient des taux de cholestérol dans le sérum modérément élevés et à qui on a donné à chacun 10 à 60 ml. par jour de triglycérides hautement insaturées qui provenaient de l'huile de corps de menhaden. Ceci venait en addltion à un régime ordinaire d'hópital, qui contenait 80 g. de matières grasses par jour. Chez la femme, on a observé une certaine diminution dans le cholestérol du sang, surtout lorsqu'on lui donna 60 ml. d'huile de menbaden; alors que chez l'homme la diminution était moins prononcée. Les résultats semblent montrer qu'avec des additions de courte durée de quantités modérées d'huile de corps de poisson à un réglme ordinaire contenant d'autres matières grasses, Il ne faut pas s'attendre à une chute brutale du taux de cholestérol sanguin. Dans une autre série d'expériences, 17 patients ont reçu un régime ordinaire d'hópital pendant 21 jours ; puis un régime à base de poissons durant 28 jours et de nouveau le régime ordinaire durant 4 semaines. Les auteurs n'ont pas trouvé de différences dans les taux de cholestérol sanguin entre les trois périodes. On commente le mécanisme par lequel les acides gras polyénoïques exercent une influence sur la concentration du cholestérol du plasma. Les auteurs concluent à la nécessité d'une étude plus étendue en ce qui concerne l'importance des huiles de poisson dans la prophylaxie des affections cardio-vasculaires.","BibLvlCode":"AM","StandardTitle":"Fish oils in relation to blood cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":1962,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2001-06-07","DateCreate":"2001-06-07","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":null,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":10733,"PubliDate":1962,"Pagination":"277-281","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":null,"Issue":null,"BRefMon":10616,"BRefMonRR":"<b>Heen, E.; Kreuzer, R.</b> (1962). Fish in nutrition. Fishing News (Books): London. 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