{"refrec":{"BRefID":109754,"RR":"<b>Vyverman, W.; Wilmotte, A.; Verleyen, E.; Schmoker, C.; Sabbe, K.; Cousin, S.; De Groot, L.; Waleron, K.; Balthasart, P.; Taton, A.; Lemaire, C.</b> (2007). Late Quaternary climate history of coastal Antarctic environments: a multi-proxy approach (LAQUAN): final report. Belgian Science Policy: Brussel.  93 pp.","BEntID":104446,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". Belgian Science Policy: Brussel.  93 pp.","DocTypID":13,"DocType":"Reports","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Vyverman, W.; Wilmotte, A.; Verleyen, E.; Schmoker, C.; Sabbe, K.; Cousin, S.; De Groot, L.; Waleron, K.; Balthasart, P.; Taton, A.; Lemaire, C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Vyverman, W. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Novel biological proxies and inference models were developed to reconstruct past environmental changes in Antarctic ice-free regions. Reference datasets of cyanobacterial sequences, diatoms and pigments were constructed in order to study the present diversity and distribution of biota in benthic microbial mats from Antarctic lakes. These datasets were subsequently used for comparison between living and fossil floras or to develop inference models to quantitatively reconstruct past environmental changes in East Antarctica. Paleolimnological analyses and application of the models revealed the history of late Quaternary variation in climate, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and relative sea-level in the Larsemann Hills. The study of modern cyanobacterial diversity showed that each lake is quite unique in terms of diversity. Every single lake studied resulted in the discovery of new Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), which suggests that there is a lot more diversity to discover. The majority of the genotypes are restricted to Antarctica and sometimes, even present only in one sample, which hints to the existence of endemic cyanobacteria. A taxonomic inventory of the diatom flora from the Larsemann Hills similarly revealed that Antarctic endemics account for about 40 % of all freshwater and brackish taxa. Fossil cyanobacterial sequences were found in layers of up to 9000 years old. The validation of fossil sequences of Progress and Heart Lake cores by both laboratories allowed us to assess that a majority of cyanobacterial sequences found in sedimentary core layers were really from fossil organisms. Comparison between the modern and fossil diversity revealed that most fossil sequences were also present in modern samples. The main problems encountered were related to the presence of good-quality bacterial DNA that act as competitor of fossil DNA during PCR, downcore degradation of fossil DNA, and the selective, group-specific resistance of cyanobacterial DNA to degradation. The main paleoenvironment-related results can be summarized as follows. During the Last Glacial Maximum one of the main peninsulas in the Larsemann Hills was only partly glaciated, as evidenced by uniquely long lake sedimentary records extending into the previous interglacial period (Eemian). Diatom-based inference models revealed that this interglacial was probably warmer and wetter than the Holocene, which was further supported by the presence of currently sub-Antarctic endemics in the Eemian diatom flora. The last glacial period was characterized by dry and cold conditions prevailing over the Larsemann Hills. The levels of the cyanobacterial UV-screening compound scytonemin in fossil microbial communities from this period were three times higher than the present-day values. Shortly after 13,500 yr BP, deglaciation of the Larsemann Hills and the continental shelf in Prydz Bay intensified. The collapse of this part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) thus coincided and may have contributed to melting water pulse 1A, which was one of the most rapid sea-level rises since the end of the last glacial period. During the Holocene, several warm periods were detected, coinciding with more productive coastal waters. Marine sediments in isolation basins from these periods are characterized by open water taxa and high chlorophyll a concentrations. Based on a relative sea level curve, we inferred that during the last warm period (the Hypsithermal) increased moisture supply to this part of the EAIS might have contributed to the global sea level fall between 4000 and 2500 yr BP. The high sediment accumulation rate in the isolation lakes further enabled us to identify several dry episodes and periods of higher UV radiation penetration during the past 2000 years. Together, our results highlight the potential of coastal Antarctic lakes for the reconstruction of past environmental changes and underscore the need for continued studies of lacustrine sediment sequences from this climate sensitive region.","AbstractOtherLang":"Het project LAQUAN beoogde een bijdrage te leveren tot de reconstructie van Laat- Kwartaire klimaat- en milieuveranderingen in Antarctische ijsvrije gebieden. Daartoe werden nieuwe biologische proxies en inferentiemodellen ontwikkeld aan de hand van referentiedatasets voor cyanobacteriële DNA sequenties (Taton et al. 2003, 2006a,b), diatomeeën (Hodgson et al. 2001a, Sabbe et al. 2003, 2004) en pigmenten (Hodgson et al. 2004). Deze datasets werden gebruikt om de moderne diversiteit en distributie van biota in benthische microbiële matten in Antarctische meren te onderzoeken in relatie tot klimaat-gevoelige parameters. Inferentie-modellen voor deze parameters (Verleyen et al. 2003) werden vervolgens aangewend om vroegere klimaat- en milieuveranderingen in Oost-Antarctica kwantitatief te reconstrueren op basis van microfossielen en hun biochemische merkers (Verleyen et al. 2004a) die bewaard worden in meersedimenten. Deze benadering toonde aan dat meersedimenten belangrijke archieven zijn van de klimaathistoriek van kustgebieden in Antarctica, en resulteerde in de reconstructie van vroegere veranderingen in het klimaat, de hoeveelheid ultraviolette (UV) straling en de relatieve zeespiegel tijdens het laat Kwartair in de Larsemann Hills (b.v. Verleyen et al. 2004b, 2005; Hodgson et al. 2005a,b). Het onderzoek van de moderne diversiteit bij cyanobacteriën bracht aan het licht dat er grote verschillen in rijkdom en samenstelling bestaan tussen meren onderling. Ieder bestudeerd meer resulteerde in de ontdekking van nieuwe ‘Operational Taxonomic Units’ (OTUs), wat suggereert dat een significant gedeelte van de biodiversiteit van microbiota nog ontdekt moet worden. Het merendeel van de genotypes is bovendien enkel gekend van Antarctica en in sommige gevallen slechts aanwezig in één meer, zodat kan vermoed worden dat een belangrijk aantal cyanobacteriën endemisch is voor dit continent (Taton et al. 2003, 2006a,b). Taxonomisch onderzoek van de diatomeeënflora in de Larsemann Hills bracht aan het licht dat minstens 40% van alle zoet- en brakwater taxa endemisch blijkt te zijn voor Antarctica. Tijdens het project werd een protocol ontwikkeld om fossiel DNA in meersedimenten te gebruiken als (groep-)specifieke merker voor cyanobacteriën. Sedimenten van 9000 jaar oud bleken nog amplificeerbare sequenties te bevatten. Contaminatie met recent cyanobacterieel DNA werd uitgesloten door de stalen in de laboratoria van beide partners te analyseren. De meerderheid van de sequenties bleek afkomstig te zijn van gefossiliseerd cyanobacterieel DNA. De meeste fossiele sequenties werden eveneens aangetroffen in stalen van recente microbiële matten De belangrijkste problemen bij de analyse van fossiel DNA van cyanobacteriën, hadden te maken met de aanwezigheid van bacterieel DNA van goede kwaliteit dat in competitie gaat met het fossiele DNA tijdens PCR, de degradatie van DNA in functie van de tijd, en de mogelijke groepsspecifieke resistentie tegen DNA afbraak. Het gecombineerde gebruik van biologische, biogeochemische en sedimentologische proxies maakte het mogelijk om de klimaat- en milieu-dynamiek Oost-Antarctica te reconstrueren. Tijdens het Laatste Glaciale Maximum was één van de schiereilanden van de Larsemann Hills slechts gedeeltelijk bedekt met een continentale ijskap (Hodgson et al. 2001b), zodat een aantal meren een continu en onverstoord sediment-archief hebben vanaf het vorige interglaciaal (Eemiaan) tot nu. Door toepassing van onze modellen kon worden afgeleid dat het klimaat tijdens het Eemiaan waarschijnlijk warmer en vochtiger was dan gedurende het Holoceen (Hodgson et al. 2005a). De warmere condities tijdens het voorgaande interglaciaal werden bevestigd door de aanwezigheid van een flora die momenteel voorkomt in meren op warmere, sub-Antarcticische eilanden (Hodgson et al. 2005b). Het laatste glaciaal werd gekenmerkt door een droog en koud klimaat in de Larsemann Hills. De concentratie aan scytonemine, een pigment dat cyanobacteriën beschermt tegen hoge dosissen UV straling, was gemiddeld drie keer hoger dan in recente microbiële matten (Hodgson et al. 2005b). De ijskap, die de Larsemann Hills en de continentale shelf in Prydz Bay gedeeltelijk bedekte, desintegreerde kort na 13500 yr BP (Verleyen et al. 2005a). Het afsmelten van dit stuk van de Oost-Antarctische ijskap (EAIS) viel samen met ‘melting water pulse 1A’, één van de snelste zeespiegelstijgingen sinds het einde van het Laatste Glaciale Maximum. Tijdens het Holoceen konden verschillende warmere periodes worden gedetecteerd die gepaard gingen met productieve kustwateren (Verleyen et al. 2004a). De mariene sedimenten uit isolatiemeren worden tijdens deze warmere periodes immers gekenmerkt door hoge chlorofyl a concentraties en door de aanwezigheid van taxa karakteristiek voor open water condities (Verleyen et al. 2004b,c). Op basis van een relatieve zeespiegelcurve kon worden afgeleid dat tijdens de laatste warme periode (Hypsithermal) een verhoging in de precipitatiebalans mogelijk leidde tot het aandikken van de EAIS en een daarmee gepaard gaande globale zeespiegeldaling tussen 4000 en 2500 yr BP. Gedurende de laatste 2000 jaar was de sedimentatiesnelheid in de isolatiemeren relatief hoog, wat de reconstructie van korte termijn veranderingen in de UV straling mogelijk maakte (Verleyen et al. 2005b). Onze resultaten onderstrepen het potentieel van Antarctische kustmeren voor de reconstructie van klimaat- en milieuveranderingen, en de nood aan bijkomende meersediment-sequenties van deze klimaatgevoelige regio.","BibLvlCode":"M","StandardTitle":"Late Quaternary climate history of coastal Antarctic environments: a multi-proxy approach (LAQUAN): final report","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 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