{"refrec":{"BRefID":111765,"RR":"<b>Hu, Z.; Critchley, A.T.; Gao, T.; Zeng, X.; Morrell, S.L.; Duan, D.</b> (2007). Delineation of <i>Chondrus</i> (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae) in China and the origin of <i>C. crispus </i>inferred from molecular data. <i>Mar. Biol. Res. 3(3)</i>: 145-154. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000701335679\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000701335679</a>","BEntID":106382,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Biol. Res. 3(3)</i>: 145-154. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000701335679\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000701335679</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Hu, Z.; Critchley, A.T.; Gao, T.; Zeng, X.; Morrell, S.L.; Duan, D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Hu, Z. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Complete nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained for 18 <i>Chondrus</i> populations collected at 15 sites from eight countries worldwide. Pairwise comparisons with the multiple alignment revealed that intraspecific divergences of ITS sequences ranged from 0.3 to 1.8% in <i>C. crispus </i>Stackhouse (except for the entity SVLH from France) and from 0.0 to 0.6% in <i>C. ocellatus </i>Holmes, whereas interspecific divergences in <i>Chondrus</i> varied from 1.4 to 5.0%. Three phylogenetic methods (neighbour joining, maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood) confirmed three main lineages: the North Atlantic lineage containing entities of <i>C. crispus </i>from Canada, France, Germany, England, Portugal, Ireland and Wales; a second lineage comprising three species: <i>C. </i>sp. 1, <i>C. armatus </i>(Harvey) Yamada et Mikami, and <i>C. pinnulatus </i>(Harvey) Okamura from the Northern Pacific; and a third lineage containing just one species: <i>C. ocellatus </i>from the Northern Pacific. <i>Chondrus yendoi </i>Yamada et Mikami separated from other <i>Chondrus</i> species singly. nrDNA ITS data indicate that a previous assignment of <i>C. </i>sp. 2 to <i>Mazzaella japonica </i>(Mikami) Hommersand may be incorrect, and additional evidence is needed to resolve the generic placement of this entity. It is inferred from the nrDNA ITS data that three <i>Chondrus</i> species are presently known in China with two, <i>C. ocellatus </i>and <i>C. nipponicus</i>, in Qingdao and two, <i>C. armatus </i>and <i>C. nipponicus</i>, in Dalian. We hypothesize that the ancestor of North Atlantic <i>C. crispus </i>had a Pacific origin, and that the present distribution of <i>C. crispus </i>in the Atlantic Ocean correlates with a trans-Arctic dispersal and vicariance events associated with Pleistocene glaciation maxima. 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