{"refrec":{"BRefID":111805,"RR":"<b>Bryan, G.W.; Gibbs, P.E.; Hummerstone, L.G.; Burt, G.R.</b> (1986). The decline of the gastropod <i>Nucella lapillus</i> around South-west England: evidence for the effect of tributyltin from antifouling paints. <i>J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 66(3)</i>: 611-640. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400042247\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400042247</a>","BEntID":106422,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 66(3)</i>: 611-640. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400042247\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400042247</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Bryan, G.W.; Gibbs, P.E.; Hummerstone, L.G.; Burt, G.R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Bryan, G.W. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"A survey of common dogwhelk around SW England reveals that the incidence of 'imposex', the induction of male sex characters in the female, is widespread, that all populations are affected to some degree and that the phenomenon is most prevalent along the south (Channel) coast. Populations close to centres of boating and shipping activity show the highest degrees of imposex. Within Plymouth Sound the degree of imposex increased markedly between 1969-1985, coinciding with the introduction and increasing usage of antifouling paints containing tributyltin (TBT) compounds. Laboratory experiments show that imposex is readily induced by exposure to 0.02 µg/l of tin leached from a TBT antifouling paint. It is thought that imposex could be initiated in <i>N. lapillus</i> by a concentration of tin, as tributyltin species, as low as 1 ng/l. 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