{"refrec":{"BRefID":114151,"RR":"<b>Arufe, M.I.; Arellano, J.M.; García, L.; Albendín, G.; Sarasquete, C.</b> (2007). Cholinesterase activity in gilthead seabream (<i>Sparus aurata</i>) larvae: Characterization and sensitivity to the organophosphate azinphosmethyl. <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 84(3)</i>: 328-336. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.06.009\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.06.009</a>","BEntID":108529,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 84(3)</i>: 328-336. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.06.009\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.06.009</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Arufe, M.I.; Arellano, J.M.; García, L.; Albendín, G.; Sarasquete, C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Arufe, M.I. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Assessment of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition is widely used as a specific biomarker for evaluating the exposure and effects of non-target organisms to anticholinesterase agents. Cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities have been measured in larvae of gilthead seabream, <i>Sparus aurata</i>, during the endogenous feeding stage, and ChE was characterized with the aid of diagnostic substrates and inhibitors. The results of the present study showed that whole-body ChE of yolk-sac seabream larvae possesses typical properties of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with a apparent affinity constant (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>) of 0.163 ± 0.008 mM and a maximum velocity (<i>V</i><sub>max</sub>) of 332.7 ± 2.8 nmol/min/mg protein. Moreover, sensibility of this enzyme was investigated using the organophosphorus insecticide azinphosmethyl. Static-renewal toxicity tests were conducted over 72 h and larval survival and AChE inhibition were recorded. Mean mortality of seabream larvae increased with increasing concentrations of azinphosmethyl and exposure duration. The estimated 72-h LC50 value to azinphosmethyl was 4.59 μg/l (95% CI = 0.46–8.71 μg/l) and inhibition of ChE activity gave an IC50 of 3.04 μg/l (95% CI = 2.73–3.31 μg/l). Larvae exposed to azinphosmethyl for 72 h showed a 70% inhibition of the whole-body acetylcholinesterase activity at approximately the LC50. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that monitoring ChE activity is a valuable tool indicating OP exposure in <i>S. aurata</i> larvae and that acetylthiocholine is the most appropriate substrate for assessing ChE inhibition in this early-life stage of the fish. 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