{"refrec":{"BRefID":125069,"RR":"<b>Canfield, D.E.; Poulton, S.W.; Knoll, A.H.; Narbonne, G.M.; Ross, G.; Goldberg, T.; Strauss, H.</b> (2008). Ferruginous conditions dominated later Neoproterozoic deep-water chemistry. <i>Science (Wash.) 321(5891)</i>: 949-952","BEntID":119249,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Science (Wash.) 321(5891)</i>: 949-952","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Canfield, D.E.; Poulton, S.W.; Knoll, A.H.; Narbonne, G.M.; Ross, G.; Goldberg, T.; Strauss, H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Canfield, D.E. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Earth's surface chemical environment has evolved from an early anoxic condition to the oxic state we have today. Transitional between an earlier Proterozoic world with widespread deep-water anoxia and a Phanerozoic world with large oxygen-utilizing animals, the Neoproterozoic Era [1000 to 542 million years ago (Ma)] plays a key role in this history. The details of Neoproterozoic Earth surface oxygenation, however, remain unclear. We report that through much of the later Neoproterozoic (<742 ± 6 Ma), anoxia remained widespread beneath the mixed layer of the oceans; deeper water masses were sometimes sulfidic but were mainly Fe<sup>2+</sup>-enriched. 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