{"refrec":{"BRefID":126097,"RR":"<b>Ballantine, W.J.; Langlois, T.J.</b> (2008). Marine reserves: the need for systems, <b><i>in</i></b>: Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i> <i>Challenges to Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Cork, Ireland, 4-8 September 2005. Developments in Hydrobiology,</i> 202: pp. 35-44. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3</a>","BEntID":329821,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i> <i>Challenges to marine ecosystems: Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Cork, Ireland, 4-8 September 2005. European Marine Biology Symposia,</i> 41: pp. 35-44. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3</a>","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ballantine, W.J.; Langlois, T.J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ballantine, W.J.; Langlois, T.J.","Englishabstract":"Highly protected marine reserves are areas of the sea in which human disturbances are minimised so that the full natural biological diversity is maintained or, more often, allowed to recover to a more natural state. Europe has very few marine reserves; they are very small and almost all are in the Mediterranean. There are at present no official plans to create effective systems of marine reserves. Europe has many so-called Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). These are marine areas with some extra regulations or planning procedures. MPAs aim to make human activities more efficient and more sustainable. MPAs are user-orientated, knowledge-based, locality-dependent, problem-solving extensions of standard marine planning and management. Marine reserves are quite different. All extractive and potentially disturbing human activities are prohibited. The burden of proof is reversed; no evidence of damage or danger to particular species or habitats is required; all marine life is protected on principle. The concept of marine reserves is simple and practical, but because it is new, different and additional to existing marine management, the idea is seen by many as revolutionary. Basic biological principles and practical experience in many countries make it clear that marine reserves are important to science and education, essential for conservation and useful in resource management. These features apply in all regions and ecosystems. They are independent of climate, biogeography, current human activities and the present management. Representative and viable systems of marine reserves are needed in all regions. Fishing and other human disturbances have been widespread and intensive for so long that it is very difficult to predict the stages of recovery that occur in marine reserves. Furthermore, while some features change rapidly (e.g. numbers of previously targeted species), recovery continues for a long time (e.g. fourth- and fifth-order trophic and structural changes after >25 years). None of this alters the fact that, in scientific terms, marine reserves are controls not manipulations. Such controls are required if scientists are to understand the intrinsic processes and obtain data that are not confounded by human activities (e.g. separating natural variation from fishing effects). No significant progress will be made to establish marine reserves in Europe until scientists speak out strongly and clearly on the issue. We consider it is part of our professional duty as marine biologists to state publicly and frequently the need for a representative, replicated, networked and sustainable system of highly protected marine reserves. We doubt if our grandchildren will accept any excuses if we fail. ","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AMS","StandardTitle":"Marine reserves: the need for systems","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2008,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2021-02-09","DateCreate":"2008-09-09","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":126097,"PubliDate":2008,"Pagination":"35-44","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":"978-1-4020-8807-0","Volume":"41","Issue":null,"BRefMon":126066,"BRefMonRR":"<b>Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i></b> (2008). Challenges to marine ecosystems: Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Cork, Ireland, 4-8 September 2005. <i>European Marine Biology Symposia</i>, 41. <i>Developments in Hydrobiology</i>, 202. ISBN 978-1-4020-8807-0; e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8808-7. 211 pp. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7</a>","BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":20275,"SerRR":"European Marine Biology Symposia.","StandardTitleSer":"European Marine Biology Symposia","ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"StandardTitleMon":"Challenges to marine ecosystems: Proceedings of the 41st European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Cork, Ireland, 4-8 September 2005","StartPage":35,"Pages":10,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"MS","SerNotes":null,"AutString":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":[{"YBRefID":126096,"RefStrFull":"<b>Ballantine, W.J.; Langlois, T.J.</b> (2008). Marine reserves: the need for systems. <i>Hydrobiologia 606(1)</i>: 35-44. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9347-7\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9347-7</a>","RelID":4,"Relation":"Related to","StandardTitle":"Marine reserves: the need for systems"}],"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Ballantine","Firstname":null,"Initials":"W.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":329821,"AutID":25862,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Langlois","Firstname":null,"Initials":"T.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":329821,"AutID":82830,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":null,"litstyles":[{"LitStyID":3,"Style":"Conference paper"}],"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":null,"MONpubls":[{"PublName":"Springer","Place":"Dordrecht"}],"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Biodiversity","ThestID":9471,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Biodiversity"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Conservation","ThestID":1797,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Conservation"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","ThestID":68584,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTermPath":"Environmental planning"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","ThestID":104197,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTermPath":"Environmental planning"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Human impact","ThestID":4057,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Human impact"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Resource management","ThestID":6930,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Management > Resource management"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine biology","ThestID":4990,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Marine biology"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine parks","ThestID":5012,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Marine parks"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine reserves","ThestID":5018,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Marine reserves"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental protection","ThestID":2813,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Protection > Environmental protection"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","ThestID":94590,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTermPath":"Sustainability > Sustainable development"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","ThestID":66783,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTermPath":"Sustainable development"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Biodiversity"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Conservation"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental protection"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine parks"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Resource management"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development"}],"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":null,"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":[{"AutName":"Davenport","Initials":"J.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":5944,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"Burnell","Initials":"G.M.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":38915,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"Cross","Initials":"T.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":82489,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"Emmerson","Initials":"M.C.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":29512,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"McAllen","Initials":"R.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":41389,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"Ramsay","Initials":"R.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":82820,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"},{"AutName":"Rogan","Initials":"E.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":120197,"AutID":27706,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Davenport, J. <i>et al.</i>"}],"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":329821,"AbstractFlag":-1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":329821,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3","externalID":"10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7_3","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":89874,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Biodiversity","ThestID":9471,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Conservation","ThestID":1797,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","ThestID":68584,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","ThestID":104197,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTypID":3,"ThesType":"Transportation Research Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental protection","ThestID":2813,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Human impact","ThestID":4057,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine biology","ThestID":4990,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine parks","ThestID":5012,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine reserves","ThestID":5018,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Resource management","ThestID":6930,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","ThestID":94590,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTypID":3,"ThesType":"Transportation Research Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","ThestID":66783,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"}],"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":[{"OtherTerm":"Marine protected areas (MPAs)","OthtID":1241},{"OtherTerm":"Ocean habitats","OthtID":17243}],"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Biodiversity","DutchTerm":"Biodiversiteit","ThestID":9471,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Conservation","DutchTerm":"Conservatie","ThestID":1797,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":68584,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental planning","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":104197,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTypID":3,"ThesType":"Transportation Research Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental protection","DutchTerm":"Milieubescherming","ThestID":2813,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Human impact","DutchTerm":"Menselijke invloed","ThestID":4057,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine biology","DutchTerm":"Mariene biologie","ThestID":4990,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine parks","DutchTerm":"Mariene parken","ThestID":5012,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Marine reserves","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":5018,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Resource management","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":6930,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":94590,"Acronym":"TRT","ThesTypID":3,"ThesType":"Transportation Research Thesaurus"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Sustainable development","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":66783,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"}],"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":[{"OtherTerm":"Marine protected areas (MPAs)","DutchTerm":null,"OthtID":1241},{"OtherTerm":"Ocean habitats","DutchTerm":null,"OthtID":17243}],"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2008-09-09 10:02:53.873000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Bouchti, Zohra, Z.","updSesDate":{"date":"2021-02-09 06:51:19.657000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}