{"refrec":{"BRefID":126239,"RR":"<b>Mendola, D.; de Caralt, S.; Uriz, M.-J.; van den End, F.; van Leeuwen, J.L.; Wijffels, R.H.</b> (2008). Environmental flow regimes for <i>Dysidea avara</i> sponges. <i>Mar. Biotechnol. 10(5)</i>: 622-630. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-008-9102-0\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-008-9102-0</a>","BEntID":120347,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Biotechnol. 10(5)</i>: 622-630. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-008-9102-0\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-008-9102-0</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Mendola, D.; de Caralt, S.; Uriz, M.-J.; van den End, F.; van Leeuwen, J.L.; Wijffels, R.H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Mendola, D. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The aim of our research is to design tank systems to culture <i>Dysidea avara</i> for the production of avarol. Flow information was needed to design culture tanks suitable for effective production. Water flow regimes were characterized over a 1-year period for a shallow rocky sublittoral environment in the Northwestern Mediterranean where D. avara sponges are particularly abundant. Three-dimensional Doppler current velocities at 8-10-m depths ranged from 5 to 15 cm/s over most seasons, occasionally spiking to 30-66 cm/s. A thermistor flow sensor was used to map flow fields in close proximity (~2 cm) to individual sponges at 4.5-, 8.8-, and 14.3-m depths. These \"proximal flows\" averaged 1.6 cm/s in calm seas and 5.9 cm/s during a storm, when the highest proximal flow (32.9 cm/s) was recorded next to a sponge at the shallowest station. Proximal flows diminished exponentially with depth, averaging 2.6 cm/s±0.15 SE over the entire study. Flow visualization studies showed that oscillatory flow (0.20-0.33 Hz) was the most common regime around individual sponges. Sponges at the 4.5-m site maintained a compact morphology with large oscula year-around despite only seasonally high flows. Sponges at 8.8 m were more erect with large oscula on tall protuberances. At the lowest-flow 14.3-m site, sponges were more branched and heavily conulated, with small oscula. The relationship between sponge morphology and ambient flow regime is discussed. 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