{"refrec":{"BRefID":127992,"RR":"<b>Carnegie, R.B.; Cochennec-Laureau, N.</b> (2004). Microcell parasites of oysters: recent insights and future trends. <i>Aquat. Living Resour. 17</i>: 519-528","BEntID":122079,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Living Resour. 17</i>: 519-528","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Carnegie, R.B.; Cochennec-Laureau, N.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Carnegie, R.B.; Cochennec-Laureau, N.","Englishabstract":"Our understanding of the microcell oyster parasites of the genera <i>Bonamia</i> and <i>Mikrocytos</i> has expanded in recent years with the application of ultrastructural and especially molecular biological research approaches. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of SSU rRNA genes have united three species, <i>Bonamia ostreae, Bonamia exitiosa</i>, and <i>Mikrocytos</i> (now <i>Bonamia</i>) <i>roughleyi</i<, in a microcell clade within the Haplosporidia, supporting both early and recent ultrastructural observations. Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic evidence has emerged that <i>Mikrocytos mackini</i>, on the other hand, is a unique protist with unusual adaptations for a parasitic existence. DNA probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays promise new insights into the life cycles, transmission, and diversity of these organisms. 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