{"refrec":{"BRefID":132238,"RR":"<b>Punitha, S.M.J.; Babu, M.M.; Sivaram, V.; Shankar, V.S.; Dhas, S.A.; Mahesh, T.C.; Immanuel, G.; Citarasu, T.</b> (2008). Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in grouper <i>Epinephelus tauvina</i> juvenile against <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> infection. <i>Aquacult. Int. 16(6)</i>: 511-523. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6</a>","BEntID":126254,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquacult. Int. 16(6)</i>: 511-523. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9162-6</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Punitha, S.M.J.; Babu, M.M.; Sivaram, V.; Shankar, V.S.; Dhas, S.A.; Mahesh, T.C.; Immanuel, G.; Citarasu, T.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Punitha, S.M.J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Herbals such as <i>Cynodon dactylon</i>, <i>Piper longum, Phyllanthus niruri, Tridax procumbens</i>, and <i>Zingiber officinalis</i> were extracted with acetone, benzene, butanol, and petroleum ether and screened against the pathogen <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> isolated from the infected Grouper <i>Epinephalus tauvina</i>. Among the different solvent extractions screening to <i>V. harveyi</i>, petroleum ether extracts were suppressed significantly (P < 0.05). Equal proportions of the all-plant extracts were mixed with the artificial feeds at concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> of diet and fed to grouper juveniles of 20 × 2 g average weight for a period of 60 days. Every 20 days, fish juveniles were challenged with V. harveyi and the immune response was studied. The herbal diets significantly (P < 0.05) increased the survival, growth, and immune responses compared to the control group. The herbal diets were significantly improved (P < 0.01) in immune parameters such as phagocytic activity and albumin-globulin (A-G) ratio. Among the different concentrations of the herbals in the diet, the 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> diet was the most effective in the experiment. 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