{"refrec":{"BRefID":133211,"RR":"<b>Parker, T.; Chapman, A.R.O.</b> (1994). Separating the grazing effects of Periwinkles and Amphipods on a seaweed community dominated by <i>Fucus distichus</i>. <i>Ophelia 39(2)</i>: 75-91","BEntID":127180,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Ophelia 39(2)</i>: 75-91","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Parker, T.; Chapman, A.R.O.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Parker, T.; Chapman, A.R.O.","Englishabstract":"In situ caging experiments showed that both littorinid snails and gammarid amphipods exerted minimal effects on the suite of algae comprising the canopy of littoral fringe tide pools dominated by <i>Fucus distichus</i>. In the absence of grazers, the <i>Fucus</i> canopy was dramatically reduced by fatal endophyte infections. Among the 10 dependent variables making up the algal species and forms at the substratum level below the canopy, 3 were highly affected by grazing. The germlings of <i>F. distichus</i> were greatly reduced by littorinids. Gammarids also reduced germling cover, but were less effective. In addition, the two grazer guilds interactively reduced the cover of algae belonging to the Uniseriae functional form at the substratum level. Sheet/Tube form algae were reduced in cover only ny littorinids. Other forms, including calcareous crusts, thalli of <i>Chondrus crispus</i> and 3 <i>Cladophora</i> species were unaffected by grazing. 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