{"refrec":{"BRefID":134598,"RR":"Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H. (2009). A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature (Lond.) 458(7241): 1021-1024. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07985","BEntID":128530,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". Nature (Lond.) 458(7241): 1021-1024. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07985","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Rybczynski, N. et al.","Englishabstract":"Modern pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and the walrus) are semi-aquatic, generally marine carnivores the limbs of which have been modified into flippers. Recent phylogenetic studies using morphological and molecular evidence support pinniped monophyly, and suggest a sister relationship with ursoids(1,2) (for example bears) or musteloids(3-7) (the clade that includes skunks, badgers, weasels and otters). Although the position of pinnipeds within modern carnivores appears moderately well resolved, fossil evidence of the morphological steps leading from a terrestrial ancestor to the modern marine forms has been weak or contentious. The earliest well-represented fossil pinniped is Enaliarctos, a marine form with flippers, which had appeared on the northwestern shores of North America by the early Miocene epoch(8,9). Here we report the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a new semi-aquatic carnivore from an early Miocene lake deposit in Nunavut, Canada, that represents a morphological link in early pinniped evolution. The new taxon retains a long tail and the proportions of its fore-and hindlimbs are more similar to those of modern terrestrial carnivores than to modern pinnipeds. Morphological traits indicative of semi-aquatic adaptation include a forelimb with a prominent deltopectoral ridge on the humerus, a posterodorsally expanded scapula, a pelvis with relatively short ilium, a shortened femur and flattened phalanges, suggestive of webbing. The new fossil shows evidence of pinniped affinities and similarities to the early Oligocene Amphicticeps from Asia and the late Oligocene and Miocene Potamotherium from Europe. The discovery suggests that the evolution of pinnipeds included a freshwater transitional phase, and may support the hypothesis that the Arctic was an early centre of pinniped evolution.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-11 01:31:39.456934","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2009,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2009-04-30","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000265412900041","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1038/nature07985"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":134598,"PubliDate":2009,"Pagination":"1021-1024","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"458","Issue":"7241","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43431,"SerRR":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. Nature Publishing Group: London. ISSN 0028-0836; e-ISSN 1476-4687","StandardTitleSer":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science","ISSN":"0028-0836","AbbrevSer":"Nature (Lond.)","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":1021,"Pages":4,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Rybczynski","Firstname":"Natalia","Initials":"N.","Affiliation":"Canadian Museum Nat, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128530,"AutID":310217,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Dawson","Firstname":"Mary","Initials":"M.R.","Affiliation":"Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128530,"AutID":310218,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Tedford","Firstname":"Richard","Initials":"R.H.","Affiliation":"Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128530,"AutID":310219,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":147850,"LibID":36,"BRefID":134598,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"147850","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"Interne VLIZ documenten","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Non-open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":228,"Classification":"Non-open access","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":1,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_VLIZ_Intern","DutchDisclaimer":"
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