{"refrec":{"BRefID":134662,"RR":"<b>Cox, M.J.; Demer, D.A.; Warren, J.D.; Cutter, G.R.; Brierley, A.S.</b> (2009). Multibeam echosounder observations reveal interactions between Antarctic krill and air-breathing predators. <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 378</i>: 199-209. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07795\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07795</a>","BEntID":128594,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 378</i>: 199-209. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07795\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07795</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Cox, M.J.; Demer, D.A.; Warren, J.D.; Cutter, G.R.; Brierley, A.S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Cox, M.J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"A multibeam echosounder (MBE) was deployed on an inflatable boat (length = 5.5 m) to observe swarms of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the nearshore environment off Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Visual observations of air-breathing predators, including penguins and fur seals, were made from the boat at the same time. MBEs extend the 2-dimensional acoustic observations that can be made with conventional vertical echosounders to 3 dimensions, enabling direct observation of the surface areas and volumes of entire krill swarms. Krill swarms exhibited a wide range of various size metrics (e.g. height, length and width) but only a narrow range of surf ace-area-to-volume ratios or 'roughnesses', suggesting that krill adopt a consistent group behavior to maintain swarm shape. The variation in R was investigated using generalized additive models (GAMs). GAMs indicated that the presence of air-breathing predators influenced swarm shape (R decreased as the range to predators decreased, and the swarms became more spherical), as did swarm nearest-neighbor distance (R decreased with increasing distance) and swarm position in the water column (R decreased in the upper 70% of the water column). Therefore, swarm shape appears to be influenced by a combination of behavioral responses to predator presence and environmental variables. MBEs have the potential to contribute much to studies of krill, and can provide data to improve our understanding of the behavior of krill in situ.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Multibeam echosounder observations reveal interactions between Antarctic krill and air-breathing predators","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Antarctic krill; Euphausia superba; Predator-prey interactions;Multibeam echosounder; Swarm morphology; Livingston Island","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2009,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2009-04-30","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000264955300019","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3354/meps07795"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":134662,"PubliDate":2009,"Pagination":"199-209","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"378","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43354,"SerRR":"Marine Ecology Progress Series. Inter-Research: Oldendorf/Luhe.  ISSN 0171-8630; e-ISSN 1616-1599","StandardTitleSer":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","ISSN":"0171-8630","AbbrevSer":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":199,"Pages":11,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Cox","Firstname":"Martin","Initials":"M.J.","Affiliation":"Univ St Andrews, Pelag Ecol Res Grp, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128594,"AutID":293396,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Demer","Firstname":"David","Initials":"D.A.","Affiliation":"SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Adv Survey Technol Program, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128594,"AutID":293397,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Warren","Firstname":"Joseph","Initials":"J.D.","Affiliation":"SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Southampton, NY 11968 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128594,"AutID":293398,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Cutter","Firstname":"George","Initials":"G.R.","Affiliation":"SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Adv Survey Technol Program, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128594,"AutID":293399,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Brierley","Firstname":"Andrew","Initials":"A.S.","Affiliation":"Univ St Andrews, Pelag Ecol Res Grp, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":128594,"AutID":293400,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":147902,"LibID":36,"BRefID":134662,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"147902","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Inter-Research","City":"Oldendorf/Luhe"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Behavioural responses","ThestID":858,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Behavioural responses"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Echosounders","ThestID":2603,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Equipment > Acoustic equipment > Echosounders"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Predator prey interactions","ThestID":9585,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Predator prey interactions"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"PSW, Antarctica, South Shetland I., Livingston I.","ThestID":186681,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTermPath":"PSW, Antarctica, South Shetland I., Livingston I."},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Swarming","ThestID":54271,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTermPath":"Swarming"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Behavioural responses"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Echosounders"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Predator prey interactions"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"PSW, Antarctica, South Shetland I., Livingston I."},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Swarming"}],"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Euphausia superba"}],"geotermsASFA":[{"GeoTerm":"Livingston Island"}],"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":null,"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":128594,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps07795","externalID":"10.3354/meps07795","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":12178,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Behavioural responses","ThestID":858,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Echosounders","ThestID":2603,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Predator prey interactions","ThestID":9585,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"PSW, Antarctica, South Shetland I., Livingston I.","ThestID":186681,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTypID":34,"ThesType":"ASFA Geoterms"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Swarming","ThestID":54271,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"}],"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Euphausia superba [Antarctic krill]","AphiaID":236217,"TaxtID":22632}],"geoterms":[{"GeoTerm":"Livingston Island","GeoObjectID":10775,"GeotID":4975}],"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Behavioural responses","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":858,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Echosounders","DutchTerm":"Echoloden","ThestID":2603,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Predator prey interactions","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":9585,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"PSW, Antarctica, South Shetland I., Livingston I.","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":186681,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTypID":34,"ThesType":"ASFA Geoterms"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Swarming","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":54271,"Acronym":"CSA","ThesTypID":2,"ThesType":"CSA Technology Research Database Master Thesaurus"}],"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Euphausia superba","DutchTerm":null,"AphiaID":236217,"TaxtID":22632}],"geotermsFRIS":[{"GeoTerm":"Livingston Island","DutchTerm":null}],"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2009-04-30 11:17:11.233000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Lyssens, Liesbeth, L.","updSesDate":{"date":"2018-02-13 19:34:46.407000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}