{"refrec":{"BRefID":136725,"RR":"<b>Kirkendale, L.</b> (2009). Their day in the sun: molecular phylogenetics and origin of photosymbiosis in the 'other' group of photosymbiotic marine bivalves (Cardiidae: Fraginae). <i>Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 97(2)</i>: 448-465. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01215.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01215.x</a>","BEntID":130554,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 97(2)</i>: 448-465. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01215.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01215.x</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Kirkendale, L.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Kirkendale, L.","Englishabstract":"The subfamily Fraginae (Cardiidae) is a morphologically diverse group of small-bodied marine clams inhabiting shallow seas worldwide. Like the exclusively photosymbiotic giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae), some fragines are known to host zooxanthellae photosymbionts. However, surveys to widely determine photosymbiotic status and the lack of a comprehensive phylogeny have hindered attempts to track the evolution of photosymbiosis in the group. Worldwide sampling of all fragine genera and subgenera with phylogenetic reconstructions based on four gene regions [nuclear (28S) and mtDNA (16S, cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b)] does not support a monophyletic Fraginae. Sampled taxa form four restructured clades: (1) the '<i>Fragum</i>' group, (2) the '<i>Trigoniocardia</i>' and '<i>Ctenocardia</i>' groups, (3) the '<i>Parvicardium</i>' group and (4) the '<i>Papillicardium</i>' group. Maximum likelihood analyses strongly support a clade of European cardiids uniting species from three subfamilies. Live examination of > 50% of species reveals that less than half of derived genera and subgenera host photosymbionts, supporting a single and relatively late origin of photosymbiosis in the Fraginae. The evolutionary implications for a small and little modified earliest diverging photosymbiotic lineage are discussed.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Their day in the sun: molecular phylogenetics and origin of photosymbiosis in the 'other' group of photosymbiotic marine bivalves (Cardiidae: Fraginae)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-05-26 01:31:11.004767","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"cardiids; evolution; Fraginae; marine clams; mtDNA; nuclear DNA;photosymbiosis; phylogenetics; zooxanthellae","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2009,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-11-03","DateCreate":"2009-06-03","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000266421800018","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01215.x"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":136725,"PubliDate":2009,"Pagination":"448-465","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"97","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42441,"SerRR":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 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