{"refrec":{"BRefID":138085,"RR":"<b>Betz, J.M.; Blogoslawski, W.J.</b> (1982). Toxicity of <i>Gonyaulax tamarensis</i> var. <i>excavata</i> cells to the brine shrimp <i>Artemia salina</i>. <i>J. Pharm. Sci. 71(4)</i>: 463-465. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600710425\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600710425</a>","BEntID":131817,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Pharm. Sci. 71(4)</i>: 463-465. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600710425\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600710425</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Betz, J.M.; Blogoslawski, W.J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Betz, J.M.; Blogoslawski, W.J.","Englishabstract":"Brine shrimp (<i>Artemia salina</i> L.) were exposed to concentrations of live <i>Gonyaulax tamarensis</i> var. <i>excavata</i> cells ranging from 0 to 13,400 cells/ml in unialgal culture. The shrimp ingested the dinoflagellate cells and an LD<sub>50</sub> determination was made. The shrimp had a 72-hr LD<sub>50</sub> of 1258 <i>G. tamarensis</i> cells/ml, which was calculated to correspond to 73,385 micrograms/kg of body weight. This figure can be compared with an oral LD<sub>50</sub> value of 2100 micrograms/kg for the mouse. Since it requires one-tenth as much toxin to kill a mouse (LD<sub>50</sub> approximately 0.04 mg) as to kill an Artemia (LD<sub>50</sub> approximately 0.4 mg), the whole cell <i>G. tamarensis bioassay</i> is a poor alternative to the current mouse assay.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Toxicity of <i>Gonyaulax tamarensis</i> var. <i>excavata</i> cells to the brine shrimp <i>Artemia salina</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-02 01:31:15.909142","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":1982,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2023-02-16","DateCreate":"2009-06-19","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:A1982NL71100023","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1002/jps.2600710425"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":138085,"PubliDate":1982,"Pagination":"463-465","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"71","Issue":"4","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43250,"SerRR":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. American Pharmaceutical Association: Easton, Pa..  ISSN 0022-3549; e-ISSN 1520-6017","StandardTitleSer":"Journal of pharmaceutical sciences","ISSN":"0022-3549","AbbrevSer":"J. Pharm. 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