{"refrec":{"BRefID":139780,"RR":"<b>Berman, J.; Harris, L.; Lambert, W.; Buttrick, M.; Dufresne, M.</b> (1992). Recent invasions of the Gulf of Maine: three constrasting ecological histories. <i>Conserv. Biol. 6</i>: 435-441","BEntID":133284,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Conserv. Biol. 6</i>: 435-441","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Berman, J.; Harris, L.; Lambert, W.; Buttrick, M.; Dufresne, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Berman, J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"This paper examines the invasion of Gulf of Maine benthic habitats by the ecologically similar alien invertebrates <i>Styela clava, Botryllodies diegensis</i> , and <i>Membranipora membranacea</i> . <i>Styela cyava</i> increased slowly in abundance at study sites in Beverly, Massachusetts and Portsmouth, New Hampshire. We found no evidence of competitive dominance by <i>S. Clava</i> , even though it is the competitive dominant in similar habitats elsewhere. Botrylloides diegensis rapidly became a dominant species after its arrival in the Great Bay Estuary, but this dominance was short-lived. <i>B. Diegensis</i> persists in the estuary as an early colonist of primary space and as an epibiont on secondary substrates in established communities. <i>Membranipora membranacea</i> became the dominant epiphyte on laminarian kelps within two years. Although <i>M. 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