{"refrec":{"BRefID":141806,"RR":"<b>Swain, T.D.</b> (2009). Phylogeny-based species delimitations and the evolution of host associations in symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) of the wider Caribbean region. <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 156(2)</i>: 223-238. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00513.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00513.x</a>","BEntID":135090,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 156(2)</i>: 223-238. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00513.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00513.x</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Swain, T.D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Swain, T.D.","Englishabstract":"Zoanthids are marine cnidarians with simple morphologies that challenge our ability to delineate species. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences are consistent with six morphologically described species from the wider Caribbean region, and reveal four additional species that were not previously recognized. Histological examinations of unidentified species reveal cryptic <i>Isozoanthus</i> and Edwardsiidae (Actiniaria) species. Observations of zoanthids <span class=\"i\">in situ</span> reveal geographic distributions that range from regional to trans-Atlantic. ITS and 16S data are consistent with hypotheses of paraphyly in some higher taxa of zoanthids; however, the clades of zoanthids recovered in both analyses can largely be defined by their host associations, thereby supporting phylogenetic conservatism in zoanthid–host association evolution. 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