{"refrec":{"BRefID":142437,"RR":"<b>Larmuseau, M.H.D.</b> (2009). Sea (in)sight: from phylogeographical insights to visual local adaptation in marine gobies = (In)zicht op zee: van fylogeografische inzichten naar visuele lokale adaptatie bij mariene grondels. PhD Thesis. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen: Leuven. ISBN 978-90-8649-272-5. 258 pp.","BEntID":135643,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". PhD Thesis. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen: Leuven. ISBN 978-90-8649-272-5. 258 pp.","DocTypID":5,"DocType":"Book/Monograph","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Larmuseau, M.H.D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Larmuseau, M.H.D.","Englishabstract":"Exactly 150 years ago, Charles Darwin described natural selection as the motor of the evolution of life. Nevertheless, it is not yet clear how important natural selection is for the evolution of marine organisms.The genetic adaptation to local environmental conditions as a result of natural selection, a process known as local adaptation, will be reduced by the migration of organisms due to its homogeneous character. Because of the huge potential for migration in the ‘open’ sea, for a long time biologists declared that local adaptation is rare and even absent.Nevertheless, current research shows that the sea is not as ‘open’ as it may seem. Many marine organisms are able to occupy a permanent place and hence occur in distinct populations. Since migration seems limited, the possibility of local adaptation in marine species presents an important research question. The most recent studies showed that natural selection might be an important evolutionary force in the ocean, however without any good scientific evidence.The present thesis has the ambition to prove that marine species may indeed be genetically adapted to local conditions. A promising opportunity is the possibility for local adaptation to the light regime of the sea. The light that organisms perceive varies between seas due to the differences in turbidity and the colour of the water. The importance of sight for marine animals is obvious, especially to find food and mates, and to avoid predators. Therefore, the aim of the thesis was to study local adaptation at the rhodopsin gene - the gene of the visual pigment that determines the visual capacity in dim-light - of a marine goby, the sand goby (<i>Pomatoschistus minutus</i>). The sand goby is a small and abundant fish species that lives along the European coasts.The results showed strong evidence that sand goby populations are genetically adapted to their specific and local light environment. They are adapted to high turbidity in the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean lagoons, and to the more blue light of the Bay of Biscay and along the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Moreover, the sand gobies of the North Sea reveal a strategy of adaptation to the unstable local light conditions. In the current state of science, the rhodopsin gene provides one of the strongest indications that local adaptation occurs in the marine environment. Therefore, they encourage analogous studies to find further evidence for l ocal adaptation to other marine environmental conditions such as salinity tolerance and temperature. Such studies will clarify the importance of natural selection as evolutionary force for marine life.To conclude, this study reveals that the sand goby is evolutionary adapted to its light environment. There are strong indications that if the light environment changes due to either pollution or climate change, marine fishes won’t likely be able to adapt rapidly to the new circumstances. Good management of the light conditions of the marine ecosystem will be essential to support a balanced ecosystem and healthy fish stocks.","AbstractOtherLang":"Charles Darwin beschreef 150 jaar geleden natuurlijke selectie als motor van de evolutie van het leven. Anno 2009 blijft er onduidelijkheid in welke mate natuurlijke selectie invloed heeft op de evolutie van mariene organismen. De genetische aanpassing aan lokale omgevingsomstandigheden als gevolg van natuurlijke selectie, lokale aanpassing genoemd, wordt door de migratie van de organismen afgeremd. Aangezien de migratiemogelijkheden groot worden geacht voor het leven in de ‘open’ zee, verklaarden biologen voor lange tijd dat lokale aanpassing zeldzaam of zelfs uitgesloten was.Huidig onderzoek toont echter aan dat de zee niet zo ‘open’ is zoals op het eerste zicht lijkt. Heel watmariene organismen zijn aan een vaste plaats gebonden en komen voor onder de vorm van verschillende populaties. Aangezien de mate van migratie gering blijkt te zijn, vormt de mogelijkheid van lokale aanpassing bij zee-organismen een actuele onderzoeksvraag. Recente studies toonden immers aan dat er inderdaad een grote kans is dat lokale selectie de evolutie van het zeeleven kan beïnvloeden. Het bleek echter moeilijk om dit wetenschappelijk te onderbouwen.Deze thesis heeft als doel duidelijke aanwijzingen te verschaffen dat mariene soorten zich genetisch aanpassen aan plaatselijke omgevingsfactoren. Een veel belovende aanpak is de genetische aanpassing aan de lokale lichtomstandigheden in zee te bestuderen. Het licht dat mariene dieren waarnemen varieert immers door verschillen in de troebelheid en kleur van het water. Uiteraard is het belang van een goed zicht uitermate groot om o.a. voedsel en geschikte partners te vinden, en om roofdieren te ontwijken. Daarom werd in deze thesis de mogelijkheid van lokale aanpassingen op het rodopsine gen - het gen van het visuele pigment dat instaat voor schemerzicht - onderzocht in een mariene grondel, het dikkopje (Pomatoschistus minutus). Het dikkopje is een klein bodemvisje dat leeft langs de kusten van de Europese zeeën en is de meest voorkomende vissoort in de Noordzee.De resultaten van deze thesis tonen overtuigend aan dat de verschillende populaties van dikkopjes genetisch aangepast zijn aan de lokale lichtomstandigheden. Zo blijken dikkopjes goed aangepast te zijn aan de hoge troebelheid van de Baltische Zee en de lagunes van de Middellandse Zee, en aan het meer blauwe licht in de Golf van Biskaje en langs de kusten van Spanje en Portugal. De dikkopjes van onze Noordzee houden er dan weer een aparte strategie op na om zich aan de plaatselijke onstabiele lichtomstandigheden aan te passen. In de huidige kennis van de wetenschap is daarom met het rodopsine gen in het dikkopje één van de sterkste aanwijzingen gevonden dat lokale aanpassing ook in zee kan voorkomen. Deze vaststellingen zijn daarom een aanmoediging om gelijkaardige studies te verrichten naar lokale aanpassing aan andere mariene omgevingsfactoren zoals het zoutgehalte en de temperatuur. Dit verder onderzoek kan dan de mate bepalen in hoeverre natuurlijke selectie de evolutie van het leven in zee stuurt.Ten slotte wijst dit onderzoek erop dat dikkopjes evolutionair en dus op lange termijn zijn aangepast aan het licht van hun omgeving. Daardoor zijn er sterke aanwijzingen dat indien de omgeving op snelle wijze zou veranderen door vervuiling of door de opwarming van de aarde, mariene vissen zich moeilijk of zelfs niet zullen aanpassen aan de nieuwe omstandigheden waardoor hun verdere bestaan in gevaar komt. Om een evenwichtlig ecosysteem en gezonde zeevispopulaties mogelijk te maken moeten daarom snelle veranderingen in de lichtcondities van de Europese zeeën vermeden worden.","BibLvlCode":"M","StandardTitle":"Sea (in)sight: from phylogeographical insights to visual local adaptation in marine gobies = (In)zicht op zee: van fylogeografische inzichten naar visuele lokale adaptatie bij mariene grondels","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 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