{"refrec":{"BRefID":142552,"RR":"<b>Riisgard, H.U.; Larsen, P.S.</b> (2009). Ciliary-propelling mechanism, effect of temperature and viscosity on swimming speed, and adaptive significance of 'jumping' in the ciliate <i>Mesodinium rubrum</i>. <i>Mar. Biol. Res. 5(6)</i>: 585-595. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000902729704\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000902729704</a>","BEntID":135750,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Biol. Res. 5(6)</i>: 585-595. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000902729704\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000902729704</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Riisgard, H.U.; Larsen, P.S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Riisgard, H.U.; Larsen, P.S.","Englishabstract":"Beating cilia are important organelles, not only for water pumping in many active filter-feeding organisms, but also for the swimming activity of ciliates and other aquatic organisms that use cilia for propulsion. The present study concerns the effect of temperature-dependent viscosity of the ambient seawater on the swimming velocity of the 'jumping' ciliate <i>Mesodinium rubrum</i> in which the propulsion is due to the active beat of an equatorial ring of swim-cilia. This was done by using video-microscope recordings of ciliates at different temperatures and, at constant temperature, by addition of a high molecular weight polymer (PVP) to manipulate the viscosity. Both 'large' (45 &#xb5;m long) and 'small' (22 &#xb5;m) <i>M. rubrum</i> were studied in order to characterize the jumping behaviour and swimming mechanism in more details. For large <i>M. rubrum</i>, the swimming velocity decreases with decreasing temperature, hence increasing viscosity, from 9.6&#xb1;0.3 mm s<sup>-1</sup> at 21&#xb0;C to 5.2&#xb1;0.7 mm s<sup>-1</sup> at 9.8&#xb0;C for seawater, and down to 3.7&#xb1;0.5 mm s<sup>-1</sup> at a temperature equivalent <i>Te</i>=5.8&#xb0;C for PVP-manipulated viscosity, and further, the swimming velocity was found to decrease with increasing viscosity according to the power law <i>V</i> <sub>s</sub>&#8776;&#957;<sup>-<i>n</i> </sup>, <i>n</i>&#8776; 1.93. For small <i>M. rubrum</i>, swimming velocity decreased from 6.1&#xb1;1.3 mm s<sup>-1</sup> at 21.1&#xb0;C to 3.8&#xb1;0.3 mm s<sup>-1</sup> at 9.5&#xb0;C, while the power-law exponent was <i>n</i>&#8776; 1.4 and 3 for changing temperature and temperature equivalent, respectively, but with <i>n</i>&#8776; 1.96 for all data taken together. The results, supplemented with an analysis of a hydrodynamic model for self-propagation of an idealized micro-organism, support the hypothesis that the response is mainly physical/mechanical rather than biological. Since the jump-speed of <i>M. rubrum</i> is nearly the same for all tracks of varying jump-lengths at a given viscosity, this indicates that the swim-cilia may frequently have more than one beat cycle per jump, and possibly at times less than one beat cycle. The jump-length to jump-time for large ciliates is larger (&#8776; 0.5 mm to 101 ms) than for small ciliates (&#8776; 0.15 mm to 30 ms). However, swim-velocities - when reaching the near-constant level - show less difference, being about 5 mm s<sup>-1</sup> on the average for the temperature range studied. The beat frequency of swim-cilia in jumping ciliates is estimated to be about 60 Hz, which is high but likely necessary for attaining the high swimming velocities observed.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Ciliary-propelling mechanism, effect of temperature and viscosity on swimming speed, and adaptive significance of 'jumping' in the ciliate <i>Mesodinium rubrum</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Ciliary-propelling; hydrodynamic modelling; jump-speed; kinematicviscosity; PVP; swim-cilia beat frequency","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2009,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2009-12-15","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000272101200005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1080/17451000902729704"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":142552,"PubliDate":2009,"Pagination":"585-595","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"5","Issue":"6","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":72882,"SerRR":"Marine Biology Research. 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