{"refrec":{"BRefID":143453,"RR":"<b>Walker, L.M.; Steidinger, K.A.</b> (1979). Sexual reproduction in the toxic dinoflagellate <i>Gonyaulax monilata</i>. <i>J. Phycol. 15(3)</i>: 312-315","BEntID":136633,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Phycol. 15(3)</i>: 312-315","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Walker, L.M.; Steidinger, K.A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Walker, L.M.; Steidinger, K.A.","Englishabstract":"The sexual cycle of <i>G. monilata</i> was observed in stationary cultures and in nitrogen-deficient medium. The armored, isogamous gametes fuse in a characteristic manner with cingula at oblique angles. Nuclear fusion lags slightly behind cytoplasmic fusion. The zygote enlarges for several days. The dark, double-flagellated planozygote encysts within 1-3 wk. Early hypnozygotes are round to ovoid and contain lipid and 1 or 2 large golden-yellow globules. As the hypnozygote matures, the globules become smaller and the cytoplasm darkens and pulls from the wall. All cysts examined contained only one nucleus. A very dark, uninucleate post-hypnozygotic cell escapes through an archeopyle and within 24 h divides into daughter cells which divide in 24-48 h forming a small chain. The production of thick walled zygotes in culture implies that such resting stages in marine sediments could serve as a source stock for blooms. 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