{"refrec":{"BRefID":14626,"RR":"<b>Smith, P.</b> (1992). Antibiotics and the alternatives, <b><i>in</i></b>: De Pauw, N. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) <i>Aquaculture and the Environment: reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91, Dublin, Ireland, June 10-12, 1991. EAS Special Publication,</i> 16: pp. 223-234","BEntID":14626,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: De Pauw, N. <i>et al.</i> <i>Aquaculture and the Environment: Reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91, Dublin, Ireland, June 10-12, 1991. Special Publication European Aquaculture Society,</i> 16: pp. 223-234","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Smith, P.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Smith, P.","Englishabstract":"Antibiotic therapy represents the last line of defence that a fish farmer has in his attempts to control losses due to bacterial disease in his stock. This paper discusses the problems associated with antibiotic therapy such as the persistence of tissue residues, increased concern about the introduction of antibiotics into the environment, the emergence of strains of pathogens resistant to antibiotics and the slow rate at which new antibiotics are being licensed. The argument is presented that these problems are such that a serious consideration of alternative methods of disease control is necessary. 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