{"refrec":{"BRefID":15067,"RR":"<b>Saint-Paul, U.</b> (1989). Hypoxia tolerance of neotropical fish culture candidates, <b><i>in</i></b>: De Pauw, N. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) <i>Aquaculture: a biotechnology in progress: volume 1.</i> pp. 907-912","BEntID":15067,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: De Pauw, N. <i>et al.</i> <i>Aquaculture: a biotechnology in progress: volume 1.</i> pp. 907-912","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Saint-Paul, U.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Saint-Paul, U.","Englishabstract":"Diurnal 0<sub>2</sub>-variations with periods of severe hypoxia (0<sub>2</sub><0.5mg.l<sup>-1</sup> overnight frequently occur in tropical fish ponds. Both the neotropical herbivorous serrasalmids <i>Colossoma</i> spp. and the omnivorous characids <i>Brycon</i> spp. show excellent growth rates under these conditions. Ecological and experimental investigations demonstrate their extreme tolerance towards hypoxia because they are capable of utilizing the oxygen rich surface layer of the water for respiration. For this purpose an ecomorphosis has been developed, involving the formation of a dermal extension on the lower jaw. The physiological importance of the so called aquatic surface respiration (ASR) for the oxygen supply of the organism is demonstrated by blood gas analyses. The influence of 0<sub>2</sub> concentration on the activity and routine circadian 0<sub>2</sub> consumption is demonstrated for <i>C. macropomum</i>. Investigations on 0<sub>2</sub>-induced migrations between the zone of macrophyte cover and the open water reveal the ability of <i>C. macropomum</i> to survive severe hypoxia beneath macrophyte cover. 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