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At all levels, policy decisions should be based on scientific knowledge, especially in fields like the environment and the management of natural resources, where ecological concerns need to be taken into account. Since the 1990s, numerous international agreements have integrated science-based information and promoted a transition to a more responsible fisheries management. By contrast, national (and subnational) policy decisions cannot only be based on knowledge, but need to respond to constellations of political, administrative, and socio-economic actors in order to be perceived as legitimate and avoid conflicts. The paper analyzes the political uncertainty which accompanies the transition to more sustainable fisheries policies by highlighting the role of various actors in fisheries policy reforms. 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