{"refrec":{"BRefID":218684,"RR":"<b>Norro, A.; Rumes, B.; Degraer, S.</b> (2012). Differentiating between underwater construction noise of monopile and jacket foundation wind turbines: A case study from the Belgian part of the North Sea, <b><i>in</i></b>: Degraer, S. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) <i>Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts.</i> pp. 145-155","BEntID":210425,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: Degraer, S. <i>et al.</i> <i>Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts.</i> pp. 145-155","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Norro, A.; Rumes, B.; Degraer, S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Norro, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Offshore wind farms generate underwater noise during  construction, operation and decommissioning. Different foundation designs are in use for offshore wind farms. Steel monopiles, jackets made of four steel pinpiles and gravity-based foundations are applied in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Both monopiles and jacket pinpiles are hammered into the bottom and as such excessive noise is generated during their installation. This paper aims at comparing the emitted underwater noise generated  during  the  piling  activities  of  two  wind  farms,  each  using  a  different  type  of  pile foundation: steel monopiles were used in the Belwind wind farm (Bligh Bank), while jacket pinpiles were chosen for the C-Power project (phases 2 and 3) on the Thorntonbank. Underwater noise was measured from a rigid hull inflatable boat at various distances from the pile driving location during the installation of steel monopiles and pinpiles. Analysis focused on the quantification of the discontinuous impulsive pile driving-generated  underwater noise. Zero to peak sound pressure level (Lz-p), unweighted sound exposure level (SEL), cumulative SEL and 1/3 octave spectra were computed in order to quantify and compare the underwater noise. Lz-p and SEL were normalized  to 750 m distance  from  the piling  location.  Piling  of the monopiles  generated  a Lz-p between 179 and 194 dB re 1µPa. Although piling of the smaller pinpiles was expected to be less noisy, no significant differences with monopiling could be demonstrated (pinpiling Lz-p: 172-189 dB re  1 µPa). Similarly, also SEL, varying between 145 and 168 dB re 1 µPa<sup>2</sup>s, exerted no statistical difference  between  mono- and pinpiling  and furthermore  near identical spectra were measured  for both types of piling. The rather wide variability within and broad overlap between both types of piling can possibly be attributed to the (small scale) differences in bottom type as well as in the setup used. However, the radius of discomfort in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena was estimated at 30 km and 19 km for monopiles  and pinpiles,  respectively.  Furthermore,  the pinpiling  (four pinpiles  per foundation) took about 2.5 times more time than the monopiling and will as such have a prolonged impact onto the marine fauna. When standardised to megawatt installed (3 MW turbines on the monopiles and 6 MW turbines on the jacket foundations) both types of piling will score about equally.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AM","StandardTitle":"Differentiating between underwater construction noise of monopile and jacket foundation wind turbines: A case study from the Belgian part of the North Sea","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2012,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2012-10-01","DateCreate":"2012-10-01","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":null,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":218684,"PubliDate":2012,"Pagination":"145-155","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":null,"Issue":null,"BRefMon":218670,"BRefMonRR":"<b>Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B. (Ed.)</b> (2012). Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models, Marine Ecosystem Management Unit: Brussel. 155 + annexes pp.","BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":null,"SerRR":null,"StandardTitleSer":null,"ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"StandardTitleMon":"Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts","StartPage":145,"Pages":11,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"M","SerNotes":null,"AutString":"Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B. 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