{"refrec":{"BRefID":220272,"RR":"<b>Blieck, A.; Turner, S.; Burrow, C.J.; Schultze, H.-P.; Rexroad, C.B.; Bultynck, P.; Nowlan, G.S.</b> (2010). Fossils, histology, and phylogeny: why conodonts are not vertebrates. <i>Episodes 33(4)</i>: 234-241","BEntID":212005,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Episodes 33(4)</i>: 234-241","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Blieck, A.; Turner, S.; Burrow, C.J.; Schultze, H.-P.; Rexroad, C.B.; Bultynck, P.; Nowlan, G.S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Blieck, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The term vertebrate is generally viewed by systematist in two contexts, either as Craniata (myxinoids or hagfishes + vertebrates <i>s.s.</i>, i.e. basically, animals possessing a stiff backbone) or as Vertebrata (lampreys + other vertebrae-bearing animals, which we propose to call here Euvertebrata). Craniates are characterized by a skull; vertebrates by vertebrae (arcualia); euvertebrates are vertebrates with hard phosphatised tissues in the skeleton. The earliest known possible craniates is <i>Myllokunmingia</i> (syn. <i> Haikouichthys</i>) from the Lower Cambrian of Chengjiang, south China. Euvertebrates appear in the Ordovician. C.H. Pander is sometimes thought to have been the first to propose the conodonts are vertebrates, but he did have doubts about the fish affinities of conodonts. This proposal was revived in the 30s and especially in the 80s of the 20th century and given elevated status in 2000 through a cladistic analysis based upon interpretation of conodonts mineralized tissues as homologous to those of vertebrates. This analysis resolved conodonts within the clade Vertebrata <i>s.s.</i>, and incorporated a ‘Total Group Concept’ (TGC), including conodonts in the TG Gnathostomes (= jawed vertebrates). This resulted in the unusual scenario in which “teeth” appear before jaws. We reject the TGC nomenclature as applied to early vertebrates. In addition, based on all existing evidence, we consider that conodont hard tissues and several other anatomical structures in conodonts are not homologous with those of vertebrates. Making a revised cladistic analysis, eliminating character unknown in fossils, conodonts appear stemward (i.e. more basal) to craniates and are thus interpreted as basal chordates at best. To help resolve the phylogenetic relationships of conodonts and chordates, the analysis should be extended to include non-chordate taxa.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Fossils, histology, and phylogeny: why conodonts are not vertebrates","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2010,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-11-23","DateCreate":"2012-11-21","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000289035400002","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":220272,"PubliDate":2010,"Pagination":"234-241","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"33","Issue":"4","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":220221,"SerRR":"Episodes. 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