{"refrec":{"BRefID":221181,"RR":"<b>McClanahan, T.R.</b> (1988). Seasonality in East Africa's coastal waters. <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 44(2)</i>: 191-199. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps044191\" target=\"_blank\">dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps044191</a>","BEntID":212911,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 44(2)</i>: 191-199. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps044191\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps044191</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"McClanahan, T.R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"McClanahan, T.R.","Englishabstract":"A review of existing literature and data on seasonal patterns in East Africa's coastal waters  indicates distinct seasonality in physical, chemical and biological oceanographic parameters. Seasonal  patterns are dictated by the behavior of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which creates 2  distinct seasons - the northeast and southeast monsoons. SE monsoon (March to October) meteorological parameters are characterized by high cloud cover, rainfall, river discharge, terrestrial runoff and  wind energy while solar insolation and temperatures are low; SE monsoon oceanographic parameters  are characterized by cool water, a deep thermocline, high water-column mixing and wave energy, fast  currents, low salinity and high phosphorus. These parameters are reversed during the NE monsoon.  Nitrogen availability and planktonic primary productivity are high along the Somali coast and estuarine  and river discharge areas during the southeast monsoons due to nutrient upwelling and terrestrial  runoff. In near-shore waters off Tanzania, nitrogen fixation is the major source of nitrogen and is highest  during NE monsoons when the water column is stable. Coral reef benthic algal biomass and diversity is  greatest during the SE monsoons. Fish catch and reproduction are highest during NE monsoons in  Kenya and Tanzania. Transition periods between monsoons may also be important times in determining  productivity and reproduction. 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