{"refrec":{"BRefID":222619,"RR":"<b>Auel, H.; Hagen, W.; Ekau, W.; Verheye, H.M.</b> (2005). Metabolic adaptations and reduced respiration of the copepod <i>Calanoides carinatus</i> during diapause at depth in the Angola-Benguela Front and northern Benguela upwelling regions. <i>Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27(3)</i>: 653-657. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504125\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504125</a>","BEntID":214344,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 27(3)</i>: 653-657. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504125\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320509504125</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Auel, H.; Hagen, W.; Ekau, W.; Verheye, H.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Auel, H. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Stage C5 copepodids and adult females of the herbivorous copepod <i>Calanoides carinatus</i> were sampled in the Angola-Benguela frontal region and northern Benguela upwelling area off Namibia in February–March 2002, using a multiple opening/closing net system. Respiration rates of C5s collected between 400m and 700m were measured onboard at the simulated <i>in situ</i> temperature of 8°C and at sea surface temperature (SST =20°C). These data were compared to the oxygen demand of epipelagic individuals of <i>C. carinatus</i> caught in the upper 30m and incubated at ambient SST. Deep-living C5s consumed 0.21 ± 0.08ml O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> (g dry mass)<sup>-1</sup> at 8°C and 0.96ml O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> (g dry mass)<sup>-1</sup> (range 0.84–1.09) at 25.9°C. These results were substantially lower than respiration rates of 5.23 ± 0.55ml O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> (g dry mass)<sup>-1</sup> in epipelagic individuals incubated at SST. The results reveal a reduction by 96% of metabolic rate in deep-living, diapausing C5s relative to surface-dwelling, active individuals. Only 14.4% of this metabolic reduction is explained by the lower ambient temperature at depth and a Q<sub>10</sub> value of 2.34. Therefore, the major fraction (81.6%) of the metabolic reduction is attributable to active physiological changes or processes during diapause at depth. 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