{"refrec":{"BRefID":225219,"RR":"<b>Eilertsen, M.H.; Malaquias, M.A.E.</b> (2013). Systematic revision of the genus <i>Scaphander</i> (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 167(3)</i>: 389-429. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12013</a>","BEntID":216942,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 167(3)</i>: 389-429. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12013</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Eilertsen, M.H.; Malaquias, M.A.E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Eilertsen, M.H.; Malaquias, M.A.E.","Englishabstract":"(Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) is a group of predominantly deep-sea, soft-bottom snails with extant species distributed worldwide from the Arctic to the Antarctic. There are approximately 45 species described worldwide, of which about 18 are considered to be valid. The systematics of <em>Scaphander</em> has traditionally been shell-based, but shell characters often show high intraspecific variability, and this led to a high number of nominal names available of unclear taxonomic status. The main objectives of this article are to revise the systematics of the Atlantic species of <em>Scaphander</em>, and to produce an identification key and a molecular phylogeny to aid with species delimitation. The validity of species was assessed following an integrative approach combining the study of type material and original descriptions, shells, morpho-anatomical characters, and molecular phylogenetics. Anatomical structures were documented by drawings, macro-photography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two mitochondrial (<em>COI</em> and <em>16S</em> rRNA) and one nuclear (<em>28S</em> rRNA) genes were sequenced, and Bayesian molecular phylogenetic hypotheses were produced. Representatives of the Cephalaspidean genera <em>Bulla</em> and <em>Haminoea</em> were included to test the monophyly of <em>Scaphander</em>. Eight species of <em>Scaphander</em> were recognized in the Atlantic Ocean. Three species are restricted to the western Atlantic (<em>Scaphander clavus</em>, <em>Scaphander darius</em>, and <em>Scaphander watsoni</em>), one is distributed only in the eastern Atlantic (<em>Scaphander lignarius</em>), one is endemic to the Azores (<em>Scaphander gracilis</em>; this species is only known from shells), and three have amphi-Atlantic distributions (<em>Scaphander bathymophilus</em>, <em>Scaphander nobilis</em>, and <em>Scaphander punctostriatus</em>). Shell characters and the morphology of the male reproductive system were found to be the best diagnostic characters for species recognition. The molecular phylogeny confirms the monophyly of <em>Scaphander</em>, and is largely congruent with species delimitation based on morpho-anatomical characters.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Systematic revision of the genus <i>Scaphander</i> (Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-05 01:30:56.954532","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Atlantic Ocean; biogeography; Cephalaspidea; deep-sea; Gastropoda;phylogeny; Scaphander; systematics","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2013,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-06-26","DateCreate":"2013-05-02","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000316749600003","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1111/zoj.12013"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":225219,"PubliDate":2013,"Pagination":"389-429","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"167","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45039,"SerRR":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Academic Press: London.  ISSN 0024-4082; e-ISSN 1096-3642","StandardTitleSer":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","ISSN":"0024-4082","AbbrevSer":"Zool. J. Linn. 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