{"refrec":{"BRefID":228267,"RR":"<b>Smith, A.B.; Reich, M.</b> (2013). Tracing the evolution of the holothurian body plan through stem-group fossils. <i>Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 109(3)</i>: 670-681. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12073\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12073</a>","BEntID":219984,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 109(3)</i>: 670-681. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12073\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12073</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Smith, A.B.; Reich, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Smith, A.B.; Reich, M.","Englishabstract":"The fossil echinoderm <em>Palaeocucumaria</em>, from the early Devonian Hunsrück Slate of southwestern Germany, has been studied using both traditional techniques and X-ray microtomography, and its anatomy clarified. Phylogenetic analysis shows that it is a stem-group holothurian with a combination of characters that help understand how the modern (crown-group) holothurian body plan developed. Echinoids and holothurians have evolved along different paths, by differential growth of the larval- and rudment-derived body regions. <em>Palaeocucumaria</em> shows that late stem-group holothurians had a water vascular organization with a single external madreporite and calcified stone canal leading to the aboral end of the peripharyngeal coelom, and five primary radial water vessels that gave rise to tentacle-like tube-feet. 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