{"refrec":{"BRefID":229018,"RR":"Watson, A.J.; Ledwell, J.R.; Messias, M.-J.; King, B.A.; Mackay, N.; Meredith, M.P.; Mills, B.; Naveira Garabato, A.C. (2013). Rapid cross-density ocean mixing at mid-depths in the Drake Passage measured by tracer release. Nature (Lond.) 501(7467): 408-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12432","BEntID":220739,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". Nature (Lond.) 501(7467): 408-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12432","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Watson, A.J.; Ledwell, J.R.; Messias, M.-J.; King, B.A.; Mackay, N.; Meredith, M.P.; Mills, B.; Naveira Garabato, A.C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Watson, A.J. et al.","Englishabstract":"Diapycnal mixing (across density surfaces) is an important process in the global ocean overturning circulation. Mixing in the interior of most of the ocean, however, is thought to have a magnitude just one-tenth of that required to close the global circulation by the downward mixing of less dense waters. Some of this deficit is made up by intense near-bottom mixing occurring in restricted ‘hot-spots’ associated with rough ocean-floor topography, but it is not clear whether the waters at mid-depth, 1,000 to 3,000 metres, are returned to the surface by cross-density mixing or by along-density flows7. Here we show that diapycnal mixing of mid-depth (~1,500 metres) waters undergoes a sustained 20-fold increase as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows through the Drake Passage, between the southern tip of South America and Antarctica. Our results are based on an open-ocean tracer release of trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride. We ascribe the increased mixing to turbulence generated by the deep-reaching Antarctic Circumpolar Current as it flows over rough bottom topography in the Drake Passage. Scaled to the entire circumpolar current, the mixing we observe is compatible with there being a southern component to the global overturning in which about 20 sverdrups (1?Sv = 106?m3?s-1) upwell in the Southern Ocean, with cross-density mixing contributing a significant fraction (20 to 30 per cent) of this total, and the remainder upwelling along constant-density surfaces. The great majority of the diapycnal flux is the result of interaction with restricted regions of rough ocean-floor topography.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Rapid cross-density ocean mixing at mid-depths in the Drake Passage measured by tracer release","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-05-07 01:32:11.136923","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2013,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2013-09-20","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000324545700043","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1038/nature12432"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":229018,"PubliDate":2013,"Pagination":"408-411","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"501","Issue":"7467","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43431,"SerRR":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. Nature Publishing Group: London. ISSN 0028-0836; e-ISSN 1476-4687","StandardTitleSer":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science","ISSN":"0028-0836","AbbrevSer":"Nature (Lond.)","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":408,"Pages":4,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Watson","Firstname":"Andrew","Initials":"A.J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":164880,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Ledwell","Firstname":"James","Initials":"J.R.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":52818,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Messias","Firstname":null,"Initials":"M.-J.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":26550,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"King","Firstname":"Brian","Initials":"B.A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":38488,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Mackay","Firstname":"Neill","Initials":"N.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":164881,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Meredith","Firstname":"Michael","Initials":"M.P.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":1,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":125287,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Mills","Firstname":"Benjamin","Initials":"B.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":164882,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Naveira Garabato","Firstname":null,"Initials":"A.C.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":220739,"AutID":26050,"OrderNr":8,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":250793,"LibID":36,"BRefID":229018,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"250793","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"Interne VLIZ documenten","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Non-open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":228,"Classification":"Non-open access","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":1,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_VLIZ_Intern","DutchDisclaimer":"
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