{"refrec":{"BRefID":229420,"RR":"<b>Dolan, E.; Tyler, P.A.; Yesson, C.; Rogers, A.D.</b> (2013). Phylogeny and systematics of deep-sea sea pens (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Pennatulacea). <i>Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69(3)</i>: 610-618. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.018\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.018</a>","BEntID":221141,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69(3)</i>: 610-618. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.018\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.018</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Dolan, E.; Tyler, P.A.; Yesson, C.; Rogers, A.D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Dolan, E. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Molecular methods have been used for the first time to determine the phylogeny of families, genera and species within the Pennatulacea (sea pens). Variation in <i>ND2</i> and <i>mtMutS</i> mitochondrial protein-coding genes proved adequate to resolve phylogenetic relationships among pennatulacean families. The gene <i>mtMutS</i> is more variable than <i>ND2</i> and differentiates all genera, and many pennatulacean species. A molecular phylogeny based on a Bayesian analysis reveals that suborder Sessiliflorae is paraphyletic and Subselliflorae is polyphyletic. Many families of pennatulaceans do not represent monophyletic groups including Umbellulidae, Pteroeididae, and Kophobelemnidae. The high frequency of morphological homoplasy in pennatulaceans has led to many misinterpretations in the systematics of the group. 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