{"refrec":{"BRefID":230366,"RR":"<b>Lee, B.J.; Schlautman, M.A.; Toorman, E.; Fettweis, M.</b> (2012). Competition between kaolinite flocculation and stabilization in divalent cation solutions dosed with anionic polyacrylamides. <i>Wat. Res. 46(17)</i>: 5696-5706. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.056\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.056</a>","BEntID":222081,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Wat. Res. 46(17)</i>: 5696-5706. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.056\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.056</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lee, B.J.; Schlautman, M.A.; Toorman, E.; Fettweis, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lee, B.J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Divalent cations have been reported to develop bridges between anionic polyelectrolytes and negatively-charged colloidal particles, thereby enhancing particle flocculation. However, results from this study of kaolinite suspensions dosed with various anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) reveal that Ca2+ and Mg2+ can lead to colloid stabilization under some conditions. To explain the opposite but coexisting processes of flocculation and stabilization with divalent cations, a conceptual flocculation model with (1) particle-binding divalent cationic bridges between PAM molecules and kaolinite particles and (2) polymer-binding divalent cationic bridges between PAM molecules is proposed. The particle-binding bridges enhanced flocculation and aggregated kaolinite particles in large, easily-settleable flocs whereas the polymer-binding bridges increased steric stabilization by developing polymer layers covering the kaolinite surface. Both the particle-binding and polymer-binding divalent cationic bridges coexist in anionic PAM- and kaolinite-containing suspensions and thus induce the counteracting processes of particle flocculation and stabilization. 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