{"refrec":{"BRefID":231786,"RR":"<b>Valentine, A.; Johnson, A.L.A.; Leng, M.J.; Sloane, H.J.</b> (2011). Isotopic evidence of cool winter conditions in the mid-Piacenzian (Pliocene) of the southern North Sea Basin. <i>Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 309(1-2)</i>: 9-16. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.015\" target=\"_blank\">dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.015</a>","BEntID":223498,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 309(1-2)</i>: 9-16. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.015\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.015</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Valentine, A.; Johnson, A.L.A.; Leng, M.J.; Sloane, H.J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Valentine, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Oxygen isotope thermometry of <i>Aequipecten opercularis</i> and <i>Atrina fragilis</i> bivalves (which demonstrate all-year growth), provides quantitative evidence of cool-temperate winter conditions (below 10 °C) during deposition of the mid-Piacenzian Oorderen Sands and time-equivalent strata in the southern North Sea Basin (SNSB). Isotopic summer temperatures (seafloor) are within or only marginally above, the cool-temperate range (upper limit 20 °C). The occurrence of warm-temperate dinoflagellate cysts alongside (and presumably contemporaneous with) the bivalves, indicates the development of a correspondingly warm surface layer in summer (encystment allowing the dinoflagellates to survive cool winter conditions).This evidence of greater surface seasonality than now is consistent with greater global warmth and a reduction in the vigour of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Drift (GS/NAD), leading to a reduced supply of winter heat. 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