{"refrec":{"BRefID":238254,"RR":"<b>Theunissen, S.; Sponsiello, N.; Rozloznik, M.; Germonpre, P.; Guerrero, F.; Cialoni, D.; Balestra, C.</b> (2013). Oxidative stress in breath-hold divers after repetitive dives. <i>Diving Hyperb. Med. 43(2)</i>: 63-66","BEntID":229941,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Diving Hyperb. Med. 43(2)</i>: 63-66","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Theunissen, S.; Sponsiello, N.; Rozloznik, M.; Germonpre, P.; Guerrero, F.; Cialoni, D.; Balestra, C.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Theunissen, S. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<b>Introduction</b>: Hyperoxia causes oxidative stress. Breath-hold diving is associated with transient hyperoxia followed by hypoxia and a build-up of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), chest-wall compression and significant haemodynamic changes. This study analyses variations in plasma oxidative stress markers after a series of repetitive breath-hold dives.<b>Methods</b>: Thirteen breath-hold divers were asked to perform repetitive breath-hold dives to 20 metres’ depth to a cumulative breath-hold time of approximately 20 minutes over an hour in the open sea. Plasma nitric oxide (NO), peroxinitrites (ONOO–) and thiols (R-SH) were measured before and after the dive sequence.<b>Results</b>: Circulating NO significantly increased after successive breath-hold dives (169.1 ± 58.26% of pre-dive values; <i>P</i> = 0.0002). Peroxinitrites doubled after the dives (207.2 ± 78.31% of pre-dive values; <i>P</i> = 0.0012). Thiols were significantly reduced (69.88 ± 19.23% of pre-dive values; <i>P</i> = 0.0002).<b>Conclusion</b>: NO may be produced by physical effort during breath-hold diving. Physical exercise, the transient hyperoxia followed by hypoxia and CO<sub>2</sub> accumulation would all contribute to the increased levels of superoxide anions (O<sub>2</sub><sup> 2–</sup>). Since interaction of O<sub>2</sub><sup> 2–</sup> with NO forms ONOO–, this reaction is favoured and the production of thiol groups is reduced. Oxidative stress is, thus, present in breath-hold diving.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Oxidative stress in breath-hold divers after repetitive dives","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Freediving; breath-hold diving; hyperoxia; free radicals; nitric oxide;exercise","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2013,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2014-06-05","DateCreate":"2014-05-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000320194100003","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":238254,"PubliDate":2013,"Pagination":"63-66","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"43","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":235880,"SerRR":"Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 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