{"refrec":{"BRefID":239664,"RR":"<b>Ohmura, A.</b> (2011). Observed mass balance of mountain glaciers and Greenland ice sheet in the 20th century and the present trends. <i>Surveys in Geophysics 32(4-5)</i>: 537-554. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9124-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9124-4</a>","BEntID":231349,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Surveys in Geophysics 32(4-5)</i>: 537-554. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9124-4\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9124-4</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ohmura, A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ohmura, A.","Englishabstract":"Glacier mass balance and secular changes in mountain glaciers and ice caps are evaluated from the annual net balance of 137 glaciers from 17 glacierized regions of the world. Further, the winter and summer balances for 35 glaciers in 11 glacierized regions are analyzed. The global means are calculated by weighting glacier and regional surface areas. The area-weighted global mean net balance for the period 1960–2000 is -270 ± 34 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (water equivalent, in mm per year) or (-149 ± 19 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.), with a winter balance of 890 ± 24 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (490 ± 13 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.) and a summer balance of -1,175 ± 24 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (-647 ± 13 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.). The linear-fitted global net balance is accelerating at a rate of -9 ± 2.1 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-2</sup>. The main driving force behind this change is the summer balance with an acceleration of -10 ± 2.0 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-2</sup>. The decadal balance, however, shows significant fluctuations: summer melt reached its peak around 1945, followed by a decrease. The negative trend in the annual net balance is interrupted by a period of stagnation from 1960s to 1980s. Some regions experienced a period of positive net balance during this time, for example, Europe. The balance has become strongly negative since the early 1990s. These decadal fluctuations correspond to periods of global dimming (for smaller melt) and global brightening (for larger melt). The total radiation at the surface changed as a result of an imbalance between steadily increasing greenhouse gases and fluctuating aerosol emissions. The mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and the surrounding small glaciers, averaged for the period of 1950–2000, is negative at -74 ± 10 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (-128 ± 18 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.) with an accumulation of 297 ± 33 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (519 ± 58 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.), melt ablation -169 ± 18 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (-296 ± 31 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.), calving ablation -181 ± 19 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (-316 ± 33 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.) and the bottom melt-21 ± 2 mm a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e. (-35 ± 4 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup> w.e.). Almost half (-60 ± 3 km<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">3</sup> a<sup class=\"a-plus-plus\">-1</sup>) of the net mass loss comes from mountain glaciers and ice caps around the ice sheet. At present, it is difficult to detect any statistically significant trends for these components. The total mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet is considered to be too premature to evaluate. The estimated sea-level contributions in the twentieth Century are 5.7 ± 0.5 cm by mountain glaciers and ice caps outside Antarctica, 1.9 ± 0.5 cm by the Greenland ice sheet, and 2 cm by ocean thermal expansion. The difference of 7 cm between these components and the estimated value with tide-gage networks (17 cm) must result from other sources such as the mass balance of glaciers of Antarctica, especially small glaciers separated from the ice sheet.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Observed mass balance of mountain glaciers and Greenland ice sheet in the 20th century and the present trends","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Mountain glaciers; ","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2011,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-06-30","DateCreate":"2014-07-01","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000295332800015","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1007/s10712-011-9124-4"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":239664,"PubliDate":2011,"Pagination":"537-554","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"32","Issue":"4-5","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45668,"SerRR":"Surveys in Geophysics. 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