{"refrec":{"BRefID":243510,"RR":"<b>Wernand, M.; Novoa, S.; van der Woerd, H.; Gieskes, W.</b> (2014). A Centuries-long History of Participatory Science in Optical Oceanography: from observation to interpretation of natural water colouring. <i>Histor. Meereskd. Jahrb. 19/20</i>: 61-90","BEntID":235209,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Histor. Meereskd. Jahrb. 19/20</i>: 61-90","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Wernand, M.; Novoa, S.; van der Woerd, H.; Gieskes, W.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Wernand, M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Participatory science is not, as perhaps is believed, something of the 21st century. In this manuscript we show that over a century ago it were not only scientists who collected oceanographic data but also merchant sailors. A good example of such globally collected data are Forel-Ule observations,from which the first date back to 1889. This hardly explored (NOAA) dataset, containing around 228,000 of so-called ocean colour observations, was recently analysed on trends. Some ofthe material here presented refers to a recent publication ‘Trends in Ocean Colour and ChlorophyllConcentration from 1889 to 2000, Worldwide’ (Wernand et al., 2013).Since the launch of satellite-mounted sensors globe-wide monitoring of chlorophyll, a phytoplanktonbiomass proxy, became feasible. Just as satellites, the Forel-Ule (FU) scale record (a hardly explored database of ocean colour) has covered all seas and oceans - but already since1889. We provided evidence of the usefulness of the Forel-Ule scale observation record dating back to 1889 from which changes of ocean surface chlorophyll can be reconstructed with confidencefrom this record. Our analysis has not revealed a globe-wide trend of increase or decrease in chlorophyll concentration during the past century; ocean regions have apparently respondeddifferentially to changes in meteorological, hydrological and biological conditions at the surface related to global warming. Since 1889 chlorophyll concentrations have decreased in the IndianOcean and in the Pacific; and increased in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Chinese Sea, and in the seas west and north-west of Japan. Clearly, explanations of chlorophyll changesover long periods should focus on hydrographical and biological characteristics typical of single ocean regions, not on those of ‘the’ ocean.To facilitate climate change research we recommend the reintroduction and use of the Forel-Ulescale to expand the historic database. Accordingly, through participatory science, with the help of the public, we like to establish this goal. We suggest the manufacturing and distribution of a new type, easy to make, Forel-Ule scale, recently developed within the EU-project „Citizens’ Observatoryfor Coast and Ocean Optical Monitoring“ (Citclops). Additionally, within the same project a smartphone App is being developed to facilitate public involvement in worldwide collection ofForel-Ule data.","AbstractOtherLang":"Eine jahrhundertelange Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Beteiligung in der optischen Meereskunde:Von der Beobachtung zur Interpretation natürlicher Meeresfärbung. Schon vor über 100 Jahren sammelten nicht nur Wissenschaftler, sondern auch seefahrende Kaufleute ozeanographischeDaten. Ein gutes Beispiel für solche auf allen Weltmeeren gesammelten Daten sind Beobachtungen der Meeresfarbe, die sogenannten Forel-Ule(FU)-Beobachtungen. Die älteste, heutebekannte Forel-Ule Beobachtung stammt aus 1889 und ist Teil eines bis heute kaum erforschten Datensatz der ‘National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’ (NOAA). Er umfasst ca.280.000 Beobachtungen und wurde vor kurzem auf Trends analysiert (Wernand et al., 2013).Mit dem Einsatz von auf Satelliten montierten Sensoren wurde die weltweite Überwachung von Chlorophyll a möglich. Chlorophyll a ist das am häufigsten vorkommende Pigment von Phytoplanktonund kann darum als Proxy für Phytoplankton Biomasse benutzt werden. Ein Vergleich beider Datensätze ergibt, dass die Forel-Ule Skala gut dafür geeignet ist, um Veränderungen inder Konzentration von Chlorophyll an der Meeresoberfläche zu rekonstruieren. Wir konnten keinen weltweiten Trend in der Zunahme oder Abnahme der Chlorophyll Konzentrationwährend des letzten Jahrhunderts feststellen. Verschiedene ozeanische Regionen haben also offenbar unterschiedlich auf Veränderungen von biologischen, meteorologischen und hydrologischen Bedingungen verursacht durch die globale Erwärmung reagiert. Während die Chlorophyll- Konzentrationen im Pazifik und im Indischen Ozean seit 1889 gesunken sind, ist für den Atlantik,das Mittelmeer, das Chinesische Meer und in der See westlich und nordwestlich von Japan ein Anstieg zu verzeichnen.Aussagen über Veränderungen von Chlorophyll Konzentrationen über lange Zeiträume sollten daher immer auf spezifische ozeanische Regionen (charakterisiert durch typische hydrographischeund biologische Verhältnisse) bezogen werden und nicht auf ‘den’ Ozean als Ganzes. Um Prognosen mit Hinsicht auf den Klimawandel zu erleichtern, empfehlen wir um die historischeDatenbank zu erweitern durch eine Wiedereinführung und Nutzung der Forel-Ule-Skala. Dieses Ziel wollen wir durch partizipative Wissenschaft, also mit Hilfe der Öffentlichkeit, erreichen.Dementsprechend schlagen wir die Herstellung und den Vertrieb einer einfachen Forel-Ule-Skala vor, die vor kurzem im Rahmen des EU- Projektes ‘Bürger Informationsstelle für Küste undOzean optische Überwachung’ (Citclops) entwickelt worden ist. Darüber hinaus wurde innerhalb desselben Projekts eine App für Smartphones entwickelt, die die Einbeziehung der Öffentlichkeitfür die weltweite Sammlung von Forel-Ule Daten erleichtert.","BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"A Centuries-long History of Participatory Science in Optical Oceanography: from observation to interpretation of natural water colouring","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:01.897972","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2014,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2015-09-28","DateCreate":"2014-12-11","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":243510,"PubliDate":2014,"Pagination":"61-90","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"19/20","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":243661,"SerRR":"Historisch-meereskundliches Jahrbuch = History of Oceanography Yearbook. 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