{"refrec":{"BRefID":25324,"RR":"<b>Frid, C.L.J.; Clark, R.A.; Percival, P.</b> (2001). How far have the ecological effects of fishing in the North Sea ramified? <i>Senckenb. Marit. 31(2)</i>: 313-320. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03043039\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03043039</a>","BEntID":25324,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":" <i>Senckenb. Marit. 31(2)</i>: 313-320. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03043039\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03043039</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Frid, C.L.J.; Clark, R.A.; Percival, P.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Frid, C.L.J.; Clark, R.A.; Percival, P.","Englishabstract":"Man has been taking fish from the North Sea for 1,000s of years and intensive, mechanised fishing has been occurring for over 100 years — longer than the period of marine biological studies. It is therefore impossible to use the standard approaches to the assessment of the ecological effects of fisheries — there are no baseline/pre-impact data. In this study a variety of approaches are used to attempt to assess to what extent the direct (removal of target species) and indirect (removal of non-target species, habitat change, nutrient, organic flux changes etc.) effects of fisheries have altered the North Sea ecosystem. The approaches used include classic benthic time series, comparisons of historic records and modelling. Each approach has its flaws and limitations but by generating a synthesis of these findings it is possible to make an assessment of the ecological role of fisheries even with no pre-impact data. The results suggest that in many areas changes in the benthos have occurred as a result of fishing activities. 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