{"refrec":{"BRefID":27054,"RR":"<b>Hummel, H.; Bogaards, R.H.</b> (1989). Changes in the reproductive cycle of the cockle <i>Cerastoderma edule</i> after disturbance by means of tidal manipulation, <b><i>in</i></b>: Ryland, J.S. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) <i>Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms: 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, 5-9 September 1988. International Symposium Series,</i> : pp. 133-136","BEntID":27054,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: Ryland, J.S. <i>et al.</i> <i>Reproduction, genetics and distributions of marine organisms: 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, 5-9 September 1988. European Marine Biology Symposia,</i> 23: pp. 133-136","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Hummel, H.; Bogaards, R.H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Hummel, H.; Bogaards, R.H.","Englishabstract":"Intertidally living cockles, <i>Cerastoderma edule</i> , were exposed or submerged for periods of 3 up to 30 days. Subsequently, the reproductive cycle was followed for one year. In histological sections the developmental stage of the gonads and the diameter of oocytes were scored. Undisturbed cockles showed a gradual development of oocytes during winter and spawning during Jun-Jul. A clear re-development and second spawning occurred from Jul to Nov. Disturbed animals showed an earlier regression towards the resting stage and an acceleration of the spawning. 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