{"refrec":{"BRefID":27455,"RR":"<b>Charles, A.L.; Markich, S.J.; Stauber, J.L.; De Filippis, L.F.</b> (2002). The effect of water hardness on the toxicity of uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (<i>Chlorella</i> sp.). <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 60(1-2)</i>: 61-73. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00260-0\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00260-0</a>","BEntID":27455,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 60(1-2)</i>: 61-73. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00260-0\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00260-0</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":1,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Charles, A.L.; Markich, S.J.; Stauber, J.L.; De Filippis, L.F.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Charles, A.L. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Uranium (U) derived from mining activities is of potential ecotoxicological concern to freshwater biota in tropical northern Australia. Few data are available on the effects of water hardness (Ca and/or Mg), which is elevated in U mine wastewaters, on the toxicity and bioavailability of U to freshwater biota, particularly algae. This study determined the effect of water hardness (8, 40, 100 and 400 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub> l<sup>-1</sup>, added as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) sulphate) on the toxicity (72 h growth rate inhibition) of U to the unicellular green alga, <i>Chlorella</i> sp., in synthetic freshwater, at constant pH (7.0) and alkalinity (8 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub> l<sup>-1</sup>), similar in chemical composition to sandy coastal streams in tropical northern Australia. A 50-fold increase in water hardness resulted in a 5-fold decrease (P less or equal to 0.05) in the toxicity of U to <i>Chlorella</i> sp. (i.e. the 72 h EC50 increased from 56 to 270 µg U l<sup>-1</sup>). Possible explanation for the ameliorative effect of water hardness includes: (i) competition between U and Ca and/or Mg for binding sites on the cell surface; and (ii) a change in U speciation, and hence, bioavailability. Results showed that extracellular (cell-surface) and intracellular U concentrations significantly (P<0.05) decreased (2-5-fold) as water hardness increased from 8 to 400 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub> l<sup>-1</sup>. Calculation of U speciation using the geochemical model HARPHRQ showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the predicted speciation (% distribution) of U amongst the four water hardness levels. The reduction in U toxicity with increasing water hardness was most likely due to competition between U and Ca and/or Mg for binding sites on the algal cell surface. The minimum detectable effect concentrations of U were approximately 3 and 24 times higher (at 8 and 400 mg CaCO<sub>3</sub> l<sup>-1</sup> hardness, respectively) than the national interim U guideline value (0.5 µg l<sup>-1</sup>) for protecting aquatic ecosystems. Overall, the results reinforce the need for a more flexible U guideline based on a hardness-dependent algorithm, which may allow environmental managers to relax the national guideline for U on a site-specific basis.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The effect of water hardness on the toxicity of uranium to a tropical freshwater alga (<i>Chlorella</i> sp.)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-24 01:31:30.730757","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2002,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2014-11-21","DateCreate":"2002-09-24","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000178066600005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00260-0"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":27455,"PubliDate":2002,"Pagination":"61-73","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"60","Issue":"1-2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42203,"SerRR":"Aquatic Toxicology. 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