{"refrec":{"BRefID":27477,"RR":"<b>Best, J.H.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Eddy, F.B.; Metcalf, J.S.; Codd, G.A.</b> (2002). Effects of enteric bacterial and cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides, and of microcystin-LR, on glutathione S-transferase activities in zebra fish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 60(3-4)</i>: 223-231. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00010-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00010-3</a>","BEntID":27477,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 60(3-4)</i>: 223-231. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00010-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00010-3</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":1,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Best, J.H.; Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Eddy, F.B.; Metcalf, J.S.; Codd, G.A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Best, J.H. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can produce a variety of toxins including hepatotoxins e.g. microcystins, and endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The combined effects of such toxins on fish are little known. This study examines the activities of microsomal (m) and soluble (s) glutathione S-transferases (GST) from embryos of the zebra fish, Danio rerio at the prim six embryo stage, which had been exposed since fertilisation to LPS from different sources. A further aim was to see how activity was affected by co-exposure to LPS and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). LPS were obtained from <i>Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli</i>, a laboratory culture of <i>Microcystis</i> CYA 43 and natural cyanobacterial blooms of <i>Microcystis</i> and <i>Gloeotrichia</i>. Following in vivo exposure of embryos to each of the LPS preparations, mGST activity was significantly reduced (from 0.50 to between 0.06 and 0.32 nanokatals per milligram (nkat mg<sup>-1</sup>) protein). sGST activity in vivo was significantly reduced (from 1.05 to between 0.19 and 0.22 nkat mg<sup>-1</sup> protein) after exposure of embryos to each of the cyanobacterial LPS preparations, but not in response to <i>S. typhimurium</i> or <i>E. coli</i> LPS. Activities of both m- and sGSTs were reduced after co-exposure to MC-LR and cyanobacterial LPS, but only mGST activity was reduced in the <i>S. typhimurium</i> and <i>E. coli</i> LPS-treated embryos. In vitro preparations of GST from adult and prim six embryo <i>D. rerio</i> showed no significant changes in enzyme activity in response to the LPS preparations with the exception of <i>Gloeotrichia</i> bloom LPS, where mGST was reduced in adult and embryo preparations. The present study represents the first investigations into the effects of cyanobacterial LPS on the phase-II microcystin detoxication mechanism. LPS preparations, whether from axenic cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial blooms, are potentially capable of significantly reducing activity of both the s- and mGSTs, so reducing the capacity of <i>D. rerio</i> to detoxicate microcystins. The results presented here have wide ranging implications for both animal and human health.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Effects of enteric bacterial and cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides, and of microcystin-LR, on glutathione S-transferase activities in zebra fish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-24 01:31:30.746382","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2002,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2014-11-21","DateCreate":"2002-09-24","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000178068200005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00010-3"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":27477,"PubliDate":2002,"Pagination":"223-231","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"60","Issue":"3-4","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42203,"SerRR":"Aquatic Toxicology. 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