{"refrec":{"BRefID":280646,"RR":"<b>Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Yamaguchi, A.; Gu, H.; Bogus, K.; Kremp, A.; Bagheri, S.; Matishov, G.; Matsuoka, K.</b> (2015). The molecular characterization of the enigmatic dinoflagellate <i>Kolkwitziella acuta</i> reveals an affinity to the <i>Excentrica</i> section of the genus <i>Protoperidinium</i>. <i>Syst. Biodiv. 13(6)</i>: 829-844. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1078855\" target=\"_blank\">dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1078855</a>","BEntID":272665,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Syst. Biodiv. 13(6)</i>: 829-844. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1078855\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1078855</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Yamaguchi, A.; Gu, H.; Bogus, K.; Kremp, A.; Bagheri, S.; Matishov, G.; Matsuoka, K.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Mertens, K.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<i>Kolkwitziella acuta</i> is a cyst-forming dinoflagellate with a unique tabulation, occurring in freshwater to brackish environments of Eurasia and the USA. Based on the unique thecal plate arrangement, this species was previously interpreted as a missing link in the evolution between the genus <i>Protoperidinium</i> and the Diplopsalioideae. We isolated living <i>K. acuta</i> cysts from the south-western Caspian Sea and the central Baltic (Finland), and re-established the cyst-theca relationship. The cysts had a distinctive polar and dorsoventral compression and a characteristic wrinkly texture. The plate formula of the thecate stage was Po, X, 4′, 2a, 7′′, 3c+t, ?s, 5′′′, 1′′′′. Large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences obtained through single-cell PCR of these cysts reveal that this species is close to <i>Protoperidinum excentricum</i> which belongs to the <i>Excentrica</i> section of the genus <i>Protoperidinium</i>. We suggest that it evolved from the genus <i>Diplopsalis</i> through a split of the apical and anterior intercalary plates. Furthermore, that the split of the antapical plates occurred several times independently in the evolution of <i>Protoperidinium</i> and Diplopsalioideae and is therefore a polyphyletic trait. The cyst of <i>Kolkwitziella</i> is considered an indicator of low salinities, specifically between 0 and 22 psu. Geochemical analysis of the cyst walls suggests a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The molecular characterization of the enigmatic dinoflagellate <i>Kolkwitziella acuta</i> reveals an affinity to the <i>Excentrica</i> section of the genus <i>Protoperidinium</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"brackish water; Caspian Sea; Finland; FTIR; phylogeny; single-cell PCR","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2015,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2016-11-03","DateCreate":"2016-10-09","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000365676800001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1080/14772000.2015.1078855"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":280646,"PubliDate":2015,"Pagination":"829-844","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"13","Issue":"6","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":72759,"SerRR":"Systematics and Biodiversity. 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