{"refrec":{"BRefID":280718,"RR":"<b>Zambounis, A.; Elias, M.; Sterck, L.; Maumus, F.; Gachon, C.M.M.</b> (2012). Highly dynamic exon shuffling in candidate pathogen receptors ... What if brown algae were capable of adaptive immunity? <i>Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(4)</i>: 1263-1276. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr296\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr296</a>","BEntID":272737,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":" <i>Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(4)</i>: 1263-1276. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr296\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr296</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Zambounis, A.; Elias, M.; Sterck, L.; Maumus, F.; Gachon, C.M.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Zambounis, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Pathogen recognition is the first step of immune reactions. In animals and plants, direct or indirect pathogen recognition is often mediated by a wealth of fast-evolving receptors, many of which contain ligand-binding and signal transduction domains, such as leucine-rich or tetratricopeptide repeat (LRR/TPR) and NB-ARC domains, respectively. In order to identify candidates potentially involved in algal defense, we mined the genome of the brown alga <i>Ectocarpus siliculosus</i> for homologues of these genes and assessed the evolutionary pressures acting upon them. We thus annotated all <i>Ectocarpus</i> LRR-containing genes, in particular an original group of LRR-containing GTPases of the ROCO family, and 24 NB-ARC–TPR proteins. They exhibit high birth and death rates, while a diversifying selection is acting on their LRR (respectively TPR) domain, probably affecting the ligand-binding specificities. Remarkably, each repeat is encoded by an exon, and the intense exon shuffling underpins the variability of LRR and TPR domains. We conclude that the <i>Ectocarpus</i> ROCO and NB-ARC–TPR families are excellent candidates for being involved in recognition/transduction events linked to immunity. We further hypothesize that brown algae may generate their immune repertoire via controlled somatic recombination, so far only known from the vertebrate adaptive immune systems.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Highly dynamic exon shuffling in candidate pathogen receptors ... 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