{"refrec":{"BRefID":28277,"RR":"<b>Villareal, T.A.; Morton, S.L.</b> (2002). Use of cell-specific PAM-fluorometry to characterize host shading in the epiphytic dinoflagellate <i>Gambierdiscus toxicus</i>. <i>Mar. Ecol. (Berl.) 23(2)</i>: 127-140. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x</a>","BEntID":28277,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Ecol. (Berl.) 23(2)</i>: 127-140. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Villareal, T.A.; Morton, S.L.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Villareal, T.A.; Morton, S.L.","Englishabstract":"Cell-specific fluorescence characteristics were used to characterize the light tolerance of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate <i>Gambierdiscus toxicus</i>. The fluorescence parameter F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> was measured using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry on individual cells collected from foliose red algae growing in the sub-tidal margin of South Water Cay, Belize. Samples were collected over several days during sunny and cloudy conditions and compared to samples incubated in situ. The data from individual cells were used to generate both F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> frequency histograms and averages. Maximum individual cell values of F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> reached 0.81 in pre-dawn samples, a value near the theoretical maximum for PAM fluorometry. In field samples from macroalgal hosts, average F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> values declined only slightly during the day, but cells incubated in bottles under 47 % incident sunlight showed a significant mid-day depression. In freshly collected samples, near-maximum F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> values could be found in individual cells during the entire day; however, the frequency histograms indicated a greater range in F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> values during the afternoon than in the morning. In contrast, cultures of <i>G. toxicus</i> showed a tight distribution around a mean. Field samples showed a rapid recovery to near-maximum F<sub>v</sub> : F<sub>m</sub> within 2 min when assayed using a standardized actinic light series. Similar results were obtained in laboratory cultures of <i>G. toxicus</i> grown at 73 µmol photons · m<sup>-2</sup> · s<sup>-1</sup>, but not at 383 µmol photons · m<sup>-2</sup> · s<sup>-1</sup>. These data provide empirical support for suggestions that <i>G. toxicus</i> exploits the three-dimensional structure of the algal host thallus to minimize light exposure. This strategy permits <i>G. toxicus</i>, a high-light intolerant species in culture, to thrive in shallow, well-lit tropical seas. It may also partially explain the observed preference of <i>G. toxicus</i> for complex, foliose macroalgae as hosts.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Use of cell-specific PAM-fluorometry to characterize host shading in the epiphytic dinoflagellate <i>Gambierdiscus toxicus</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-26 01:31:06.619974","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2002,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2002-10-22","DateCreate":"2002-10-10","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000176907300003","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":28277,"PubliDate":2002,"Pagination":"127-140","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"23","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43355,"SerRR":"Marine Ecology (Berlin). Blackwell: Berlin.  ISSN 0173-9565; e-ISSN 1439-0485","StandardTitleSer":"Marine Ecology (Berlin)","ISSN":"0173-9565","AbbrevSer":"Mar. Ecol. (Berl.)","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":127,"Pages":14,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Villareal","Firstname":"Tracy","Initials":"T.A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":28277,"AutID":30783,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Morton","Firstname":"Steve","Initials":"S.L.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":28277,"AutID":30784,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":null,"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Blackwell","City":"Berlin"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"ASW, Belize, South Water Cay","ThestID":182698,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTermPath":"ASW, Belize, South Water Cay"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Acclimation","ThestID":45,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Biological phenomena > Adaptations > Acclimation"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Ciguatera","ThestID":1564,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Diseases > Human diseases > Ciguatera"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Light effects","ThestID":4719,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Environmental effects > Light effects"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coral reefs","ThestID":1885,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Reefs > Biogenic deposits > Coral reefs"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Acclimation"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"ASW, Belize, South Water Cay"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Ciguatera"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coral reefs"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Light effects"}],"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Gambierdiscus toxicus"}],"geotermsASFA":[{"GeoTerm":"South Water Cut"}],"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":null,"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":28277,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x","externalID":"10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":111418,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Acclimation","ThestID":45,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"ASW, Belize, South Water Cay","ThestID":182698,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTypID":34,"ThesType":"ASFA Geoterms"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Ciguatera","ThestID":1564,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coral reefs","ThestID":1885,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Light effects","ThestID":4719,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Gambierdiscus toxicus","AphiaID":233382,"TaxtID":23290}],"geoterms":[{"GeoTerm":"South Water Cut","GeoObjectID":19044,"GeotID":982}],"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Acclimation","DutchTerm":"Acclimatisatie","ThestID":45,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"ASW, Belize, South Water Cay","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":182698,"Acronym":"ASFA_GEOT","ThesTypID":34,"ThesType":"ASFA Geoterms"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Ciguatera","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":1564,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coral reefs","DutchTerm":"Koraalriffen","ThestID":1885,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Light effects","DutchTerm":"Lichteffecten","ThestID":4719,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Gambierdiscus toxicus","DutchTerm":null,"AphiaID":233382,"TaxtID":23290}],"geotermsFRIS":[{"GeoTerm":"South Water Cut","DutchTerm":null}],"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2002-10-10 12:30:14.867000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Haspeslagh, Jan, J.","updSesDate":{"date":"2002-10-22 08:38:01.087000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}