{"refrec":{"BRefID":285444,"RR":"<b>De Rijcke, M.; Van Acker, E.; Nevejan, N.; De Schamphelaere, K.A.C.; Janssen, C.R.</b> (2016). Toxic dinoflagellates and <i>Vibrio</i> spp. act independently in bivalve larvae. <i>Fish Shellfish Immunol. 57</i>: 236-242. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027</a>","BEntID":277469,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Fish Shellfish Immunol. 57</i>: 236-242. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"De Rijcke, M.; Van Acker, E.; Nevejan, N.; De Schamphelaere, K.A.C.; Janssen, C.R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"De Rijcke, M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and marine pathogens – like <i>Vibrio</i> spp. – are increasingly common due to climate change. These stressors affect the growth, viability and development of bivalve larvae. Little is known, however, about the potential for interactions between these two concurrent stressors. While some mixed exposures have been performed with adult bivalves, no such work has been done with larvae which are generally more sensitive. This study examines whether dinoflagellates and bacteria may interactively affect the viability and immunological resilience of blue mussel <i>Mytilus edulis</i> larvae. Embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (100, 500, 2500 & 12,500 cells ml<sup>−1</sup>) of a dinoflagellate (<i>Alexandrium minutum</i>, <i>Alexandrium ostenfeldii</i>, <i>Karenia mikimotoi</i>, <i>Protoceratium reticulatum</i>, <i>Prorocentrum cordatum</i>, <i>P. lima</i> or <i>P. micans</i>), a known pathogen (<i>Vibrio coralliilyticus/neptunius</i>-like isolate or <i>Vibrio splendidus</i>; 10<sup>5</sup> CFU ml<sup>−1</sup>), or both. After five days of exposure, significant (p < 0.05) adverse effects on larval viability and larval development were found for all dinoflagellates (except <i>P. cordatum</i>) and <i>V. splendidus</i>. Yet, despite the individual effect of each stressor, no significant interactions were found between the pathogens and harmful algae. The larval viability and the phenoloxidase innate immune system responded independently to each stressor. This independence may be related to a differential timing of the effects of HABs and pathogens.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Toxic dinoflagellates and <i>Vibrio</i> spp. act independently in bivalve larvae","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-20 01:32:19.357341","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Mytilus edulis; Harmful algae; Vibrio spp.; Phenoloxidase activity","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2016,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2017-06-02","DateCreate":"2017-05-16","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000385327100025","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.027"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":285444,"PubliDate":2016,"Pagination":"236-242","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"57","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45027,"SerRR":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 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