{"refrec":{"BRefID":28725,"RR":"<b>Hamdoum, A.M.; Griffin, F.J.; Cher, G.N.</b> (2002). Tolerance to biodegraded crude oil in marine invertebrate embryos and larvae is associated with expression of a multixenobiotic resistance transporter. <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 61(1-2)</i>: 127-140","BEntID":28725,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 61(1-2)</i>: 127-140","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Hamdoum, A.M.; Griffin, F.J.; Cher, G.N.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Hamdoum, A.M.; Griffin, F.J.; Cher, G.N.","Englishabstract":"The toxicity of water-soluble fractions of biodegraded crude oil (BWSF) to embryos and larvae of two marine invertebrates, the white sea urchin (<i>Lytechinus anamesus</i>) and the fat innkeeper (<i>Urechis caupo</i>), was studied. Santa Barbara Channel crude oil was artificially weathered and subjected to biodegradation using a mixed microbe culture obtained from natural oil seep sites. The degradation culture inoculated with seep sediment microbes accumulated 43.7 µg/l water-soluble hydrocarbons. In contrast water-soluble fractions from the non-degraded cultures (NWSF) only accumulated 3.05 µg/l. BWSF proved deleterious to <i>Lytechinus</i> embryo development at low concentrations (EC50=0.33 mg/l) but was essentially non-toxic to <i>Urechis</i> embryos/larvae up to 3.0 mg/l. An established mechanism for handling of a wide array of xenobiotics in <i>Urechis</i> embryos is the multixenobiotoic resistance transporter multixenobiotic response (MXR, also known as multidrug resistance, MDR). This mechanism is primarily mediated by ATP-dependent, efflux pumps that extrude a wide array of xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we show that <i>Lytechinus</i> larvae do not appear to express MXR efflux protein nor MXR mediated dye efflux capacity. In contrast, BWSF acts as a competitive inhibitor of MXR transport-mediated dye efflux in <i>Urechis</i> larvae. These results suggest that MXR may be an important mechanism for extrusion of the by-products of crude oil degradation by microbes, and that the level of its expression may determine the susceptibility of organisms to degraded oil hydrocarbons.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Tolerance to biodegraded crude oil in marine invertebrate embryos and larvae is associated with expression of a multixenobiotic resistance transporter","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:14.980000","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+00:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2002,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2002-10-25","DateCreate":"2002-10-25","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000178474500010","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":28725,"PubliDate":2002,"Pagination":"127-140","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"61","Issue":"1-2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42203,"SerRR":"Aquatic Toxicology. 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