{"refrec":{"BRefID":287809,"RR":"<b>Sigwart, J.D.; Stoeger, I.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schwabe, E.</b> (2013). Chiton phylogeny (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) and the placement of the enigmatic species <i>Choriplax grayi</i> (H. Adams & Angas). <i>Invertebrate Systematics 27(6)</i>: 603-621. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13013</a>","BEntID":279834,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Invertebrate Systematics 27(6)</i>: 603-621. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13013\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13013</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Sigwart, J.D.; Stoeger, I.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schwabe, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Sigwart, J.D. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Shallow marine chitons (Mollusca : Polyplacophora : Chitonida) are widespread and well described from established morphoanatomical characters, yet key aspects of polyplacophoran phylogeny have remained unresolved. Several species, including <i>Hemiarthrum setulosum</i> Carpenter in Dall, 1876, and especially the rare and enigmatic <i>Choriplax grayi </i> (Adams & Angas, 1864), defy systematic placement. <i>Choriplax</i> is known from only a handful of specimens and its morphology is a mosaic of key taxonomic features from two different clades. Here, new molecular evidence provides robust support for its correct association with a third different clade: <i>Choriplax</i> is placed in the superfamily Mopalioidea. <i>Hemiarthrum</i> is included in Cryptoplacoidea, as predicted from morphological evidence. Our multigene analysis of standard nuclear and mitochondrial markers demonstrates that the topology of the order Chitonida is divided into four clades, which have also been recovered in previous studies: Mopalioidea is sister to Cryptoplacoidea, forming a clade Acanthochitonina. The family Callochitonidae is sister to Acanthochitonina. Chitonoidea is resolved as the earliest diverging group within Chitonida. Consideration of this unexpected result for <i>Choriplax</i> and our well-supported phylogeny has revealed differing patterns of shell reduction separating the two superfamilies within Acanthochitonina. As in many molluscs, shell reduction as well as the de novo development of key shell features has occurred using different mechanisms, in multiple lineages of chitons.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Chiton phylogeny (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) and the placement of the enigmatic species <i>Choriplax grayi</i> (H. 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