{"refrec":{"BRefID":289026,"RR":"<b>Lewis, R.J.; Inserra, M.; Vetter, I.; Holland, W.C.; Hardison, D.R.; Tester, P.A.; Litaker, R.W.</b> (2016). Rapid extraction and identification of maitotoxin and ciguatoxin-like toxins from Caribbean and Pacific <i>Gambierdiscus</i> using a new functional bioassay. <i>PLoS One 11(7)</i>: e0160006. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160006\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160006</a>","BEntID":281062,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>PLoS One 11(7)</i>: e0160006. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160006\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160006</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lewis, R.J.; Inserra, M.; Vetter, I.; Holland, W.C.; Hardison, D.R.; Tester, P.A.; Litaker, R.W.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lewis, R.J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"BackgroundCiguatera is a circumtropical disease produced by polyether sodium channel toxins (ciguatoxins) that enter the marine food chain and accumulate in otherwise edible fish. Ciguatoxins, as well as potent water-soluble polyethers known as maitotoxins, are produced by certain dinoflagellate species in the genus <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> spp. in the Pacific but little is known of the potential of related Caribbean species to produce these toxins.MethodsWe established a simplified procedure for extracting polyether toxins from <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> spp. based on the ciguatoxin rapid extraction method (CREM). Fractionated extracts from identified Pacific and Caribbean isolates were analysed using a functional bioassay that recorded intracellular calcium changes (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) in response to sample addition in SH-SY5Y cells. Maitotoxin directly elevated Ca<sup>2+</sup><sub>i</sub>, while low levels of ciguatoxin-like toxins were detected using veratridine to enhance responses.ResultsWe identified significant maitotoxin production in 11 of 12 isolates analysed, with 6 of 12 producing at least two forms of maitotoxin. In contrast, only 2 Caribbean isolates produced detectable levels of ciguatoxin-like activity despite a detection limit of >30 pM. Significant strain-dependent differences in the levels and types of ciguatoxins and maitotoxins produced by the same <i>Gambierdiscus</i> spp. were also identified.ConclusionsThe ability to rapidly identify polyether toxins produced by <i>Gambierdiscus</i> spp. in culture has the potential to distinguish ciguatoxin-producing species prior to large-scale culture and in naturally occurring blooms of <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and <i>Fukuyoa</i> spp. Our results have implications for the evaluation of ciguatera risk associated with <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and related species.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Rapid extraction and identification of maitotoxin and ciguatoxin-like toxins from Caribbean and Pacific <i>Gambierdiscus</i> using a new functional bioassay","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2016,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-02-13","DateCreate":"2017-09-07","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000381516100087","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0160006"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":289026,"PubliDate":2016,"Pagination":"e0160006","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"11","Issue":"7","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":123954,"SerRR":"PLoS One. Public Library of Science: San Francisco.  ISSN 1932-6203; e-ISSN 1932-6203","StandardTitleSer":"PLoS One","ISSN":"1932-6203","AbbrevSer":"PLoS One","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":null,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Lewis","Firstname":"Richard","Initials":"R.J.","Affiliation":"Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":281062,"AutID":293680,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Inserra","Firstname":"Marco","Initials":"M.","Affiliation":"Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":281062,"AutID":293681,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Vetter","Firstname":"Irina","Initials":"I.","Affiliation":"Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":281062,"AutID":293682,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":"0000-0002-3594-9588","PersID":35152,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Holland","Firstname":"William","Initials":"W.C.","Affiliation":"Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":281062,"AutID":293683,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Hardison","Firstname":"D. 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